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Year Two Revision Super-Deck > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures comprise the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth to anus, the whole gut tube including all associated glands and organs

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2
Q

At what week of development does the gut tube form?

A

Forth week

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3
Q

What membranes encore the primordial gut at both its cranial and caudal end?

A

Cranial - Oropharyngeal membrane

Caudal - Cloacal membrane

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4
Q

What is the process of gastrulation?

A

Formation of the trilaminar disc (echo, meso and endoderm)

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5
Q

What three regions is the primordial gut tube divided into?

A

Foregut, midgut and hindgut

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6
Q

What does the endoderm of the primordial gut form?

A

Most of the gut including the epithelium and glandular tissue

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7
Q

Epithelium from the cranial and caudal end of the gut are derived from what two gut structures? Give specific names.

A

Ectoderm (stomodeum) and anal pit (proctoderm)

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8
Q

What forms the embryonic cavity at the forth week of development?

A

Intraembryonic coelom

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9
Q

The embryonic body cavity divides into what three well defined structures?

A

Peritoneal and pericardial cavities plus two pericardia-peritoneal canals

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10
Q

What are the structures derived from the foregut?

Remember pneumonic: PLODL

A 
P - primordial larynx 
L - lower res. tract 
O - oesophagus and stomach 
D - duodenum
L - liver and biliary apparatus (including the pancreas)
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11
Q

What are the structures derived from the foregut?

A 
P - primordial larynx 
L - lower res. tract 
O - oesophagus and stomach 
D - duodenum
L - liver and biliary apparatus (including the pancreas)
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12
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Space in the throat which is shared by both the digestive and respiratory systems

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13
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

Proximal tubing of intestines, distal to the stomach, site of secretion of biliary apparatus

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14
Q

What is oesophageal atresia?

A

Congenital non-separation/blockage/extensive narrowing of oesophagus

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15
Q

What is abnormal deviation of the tracheo-oesophageal septum called?

A

Oesophageal fistula

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16
Q

What is polyhydraminos?

A

Too much amniotic fluid around the foetus; usually due to atresia preventing adequate drainage

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17
Q

Outline the main events of stomach development

A
  1. Rotation of stomach 90 degrees clockwise

2. Mesenteries of stomach and omental bursa develop

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18
Q

What is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

Overgrowth of the pyloric sphincter (opening from stomach into the duodenum)

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19
Q

Outline the development of the liver and biliary apparatus

A

Hepatic diverticulum septates

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20
Q

List possible anomalies of the hepatic system arising from the embryo

A

Accessory ducts (occurs in 5% of the population) and extrahepatic biliary atresia (obliteration of the bile ducts)

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21
Q

What occurs if the ventral bud of the primordial stomach fails to migrate around the duodenum correctly? What pathology can this cause?

A

Annular pancreas

Duodenal stenosis

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22
Q

Describe the accessory pancreatic tissue

A

Pancreatic tissues may form in other areas of the foregut

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23
Q

Explain the origins and development of the spleen

A

End of the 4th week of gestation - mesenchymal condensation develops forming the dorsal mesogastrium

During the 5th week of gestation the mesenchyme differentiates into spleen tissue

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24
Q

What laminar disc does the spleen arise from?

A

Mesoderm

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25
Q

Outline the main events of the midgut loop

A
  1. Herniation (physiological umbilical herniation)
  2. Rotation of midgut 90 degrees anticlockwise in the umbilical cord
  3. Retraction of intestinal loops 180 degrees further
  4. Fixation of intestines in place
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26
Q

In what percentage of people does the small vitelline duct persist?

A

2-4%

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27
Q

What does a persistent vitelline duct form?

A

Merkel Diverticulum

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28
Q

What complications can arise from a persistent vitelline duct?

A

Fistula or cyst

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29
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Herniation of the abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring

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30
Q

What viscera may an omphacele include?

A

Herniation of the liver, stomach and intestinal loops

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31
Q

What covers the viscera of an omphacele?

A

Amnion

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32
Q

What is an amnion?

A

A membrane which closely covers the embryo

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33
Q

What is herniation of abdominal contents directly through the body wall and into the amniotic cavity called?

A

Gastroschisis

34
Q

What is a suggested cause for a rising prevalence of gastroscisis in young women?

A

Cocaine use

35
Q

What is the prevalence of gastroschisis NOT associated with?

A

Chromosomal defects

36
Q

What structures comprise the hindgut?

Remember pneumonic: DURSD

A 
D - distal third of transverse colon 
U - upper part of anal canal 
R - rectum
S - sigmoid colon 
D -descending colon
37
Q

What does the endoderm of the hindgut also form which is not part of the gut tube?

A

The lining of the bladder and urethra

38
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

The expanded terminal part of the hindgut and endoderm lined chamber - primordial rectum

39
Q

What is allantois?

A

The ventral diverticular of the cloaca

40
Q

What is the function of the cloacal membrane?

A

Separates the cloaca and the anal pit

41
Q

Describe the partitioning of the cloaca

A
  1. Week 7 - the cloacal membrane ruptures; opening the hindgut
  2. Ectoderm proliferates at the anal canal and closes the caudal end
  3. Anal canal re-opens at week 9
42
Q

List some embrological hindgut abnormalities?

A

Urorectal fistula
Rectovaginal fistula
Rectoanal atresia
Imperforate anus

43
Q

What are pharyngeal/bran arches?

A

A series or arches which develop around the future mouth (somatodeum) and the pharynx

44
Q

What are the branchial arches for?

A
  1. Support the primitive pharynx

2. Face and neck develops from them

45
Q

Outline the development of the branchial arches

A

Six begin to develop around week 4 - no. 5 regresses and so the arches remaining are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6

46
Q

What embryological tissue makes up the branchial arches?

A
  1. Ectoderm lies on the outside (forms clefts between the arches)
  2. Mesoderm - forms the cartilage and muscles aspects
  3. Endoderm - forms the pouches between arches
47
Q

How are each of the branchial arches innervated?

A 
1st - CNV3
2nd - CN VII
3rd - CN IX 
4th - Superior laryngeal branch of CN X
6th - Recurrent branch of CN X
48
Q

What are the fates of the pharyngeal cartilages?

A

1st (Meckel’s Cartilage) - Mandible, incus and malleus
2nd - Stapes, styloid process, styloid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid
3rd - body and greater horn of hyoid
4th - Thyroid cartilage
6th - cricoid cartilage

49
Q

What other structures are formed from the pharyngeal arches?

A

Tongue, thyroid, parathyroid and pituitary gland

50
Q

Outline the development of the face

A

Develops from five processes/prominences:

  • One frontonasal process
  • Two maxillary processes
  • Two mandibular processes
51
Q

Outline the fate of the mandibular processes

A

Fuses in the midline

52
Q

Outline the fate of the frontonasal process

A

Divides into the medial and lateral processes

Medial develops into the philtrum
Lateral develops into the nostrils

53
Q

Outline the three stages of palatine development?

A
  1. Medial nasal process grows down (forming the philtrum)
  2. From the maxillary processes, two palatine shelves grow inwards
  3. Palatine shelves fuse (forming secondary palate)
54
Q

What abnormalities may arise from the development of the palate?

A

Cleft palate

55
Q

What officiation process occurs in the development of the cranial vault?

A

Membranous (no cartilagenous stage)

56
Q

Outline the development of the cranial vault

A

Mesenchyme drived from mesoderm that lies above the developing brain ossifies

57
Q

What officiation process occurs in the development of the base of the skull?

A

Endochondral (cartilagenous stage)

58
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Skeleton of the face

59
Q

Outline the development of the viscerocranium

A

Partly from branchial arches and partly from sensory capsules (derived from mesoderm of somites)

60
Q

After the formation of the neural fold, what occurs at ay 22 of gestation?

A

Neural fold forms the neural tube with two holes at either end (neuropores)

61
Q

When does the anterior and posterior neuropore close?

A

Anterior - approx. 25 days

Posterior - approx. 27 days

62
Q

What group of disorders is caused by failure of the neural tube to close properly?

A

Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)

63
Q

When does the development of brain vesicles begin?

A

Begin with the closure of the anterior neuropore

64
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A
  1. Proencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
65
Q

When do the three primary vesicles of the brain from the five secondary vesicles?

A

At the 5th week of gestation

66
Q

What are the five secondary vesicles?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
67
Q

In order to fill the cranial space the primordial brain folds to form three flexures ; name them, state when they occur and give their location

A
  1. Cephalic flexure - 3rd week - between mid and hindbrain
  2. Cervical flexure - 4th week - between hindbrain and spinal cord
  3. Pontine flexure - 5th week - behind metencephalon and myelencephalon
68
Q

What are the derivative structures of the telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Hippocampus
Basal ganglia

69
Q

What are the derivative structures of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland

70
Q

What are the derivative structures of the mesencephalon

A

Superior and inferior colliculi

71
Q

What are the derivative structures of the rhombencephalon

A 
Mesencephalon = cerebellum and pons 
Mylencephalon = medulla
72
Q

What system is formed from the lumen of the neural tube?

A

Ventricular system

73
Q

When does CSF production begin in the foetus?

A

5th week

74
Q

Where is CSF produced mainly?

A

In the choroid plexi of the 3rd and 4th ventricles

75
Q

Where does CSF drain?

A

Drains into the subarachnoid space in the rood of the 4th ventricle and eventually into the venous system

76
Q

Outline the differentiation of the neural tube; state where they divide

A

Lays down single layer of pseudostratified neuroepithelium which divide at the ventricular surface

77
Q

What does the neuroepithelium differentiate into ?

A

All neurones and glia except microglia

78
Q

How are are microglia formed?

A

From mesenchymal cells which migrate into the CNS

79
Q

How are spinal nerves formed?

A

Mix of both neural crest cells and neural tube

80
Q

How long does it take for the spinal cord to extend to its fullest length in gestation?

A

3 months

81
Q

Why does the position of the spinal cord change during growth?

A

Dura mater and vertebral column grow faster therefore the cord grows to increasingly higher levels (L2 in children to L3 in adults)

82
Q

How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia formed?

A

Neural crest cells

Year Two Revision Super-Deck (5 decks)

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