Embryology

Question 1

What gene is involved in cardiomyocyte proliferation?

Answer 1

Neuregulin

Question 2

What gene is involved in aortic arch differentiation?

Answer 2

HOX

Question 3

What forms the valves of the heart?

Answer 3

Extracellular matrix from cardiomyocytes

Question 4

Ductus Venosus

Answer 4

Shunts oxygenated blood away from the liver and to the heart

Question 5

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 5

Shunts blood from pulmonary artery to the aorta and away from the lungs

Question 6

Foramen ovale

Answer 6

Connects right to left atrium to bypass the pulmonary circuit

Question 7

Ventriculo-septal defect: cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 7

Acyanotic

Question 8

Atrial-septal defect: cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 8

Acyanotic

Question 9

PDA: cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 9

Acyanotic

Question 10

Pulmonary stenosis: cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 10

Acyanotic

Question 11

Aortic stenosis: cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 11

Acyanotic

Question 12

Coarction of aorta: cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 12

Acyanotic

Question 13

Tetralogy of Fallot: cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 13

Cyanotic

Question 14

Transposition of Great Arteries: cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 14

Cyanotic

Question 15

Complete atrio-ventricular septal defect: cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 15

Cyanotic

Question 16

Example of atrial septal defect?

Answer 16

Failed closure of foramen ovale

Question 17

Name the aspects of Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 17

Narrow pulmonary trunk
Ventriculo-septal defect
Pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic access to both ventricles - leads to right ventricle hypertrophy

Question 18

Explain the development of the aortic arch region

Answer 18

Cranial endocardial tubes - truncus arteriosus - aortic arch - aorta and common carotid

Question 19

What three circulatory changes happen within a week of birth?

Answer 19

1. Ductus arteriosus closure
2. Umbilical vessel closure and degradation
3. Foramen ovale closes

Question 20

Hand 1

Answer 20

Cardiac looping L side

Question 21

Hand 2

Answer 21

Cardiac looping R side

Question 22

FGF8

Answer 22

Differentiation of mesoderm to cardiac mesoderm

Question 23

Intussusception of right atrium

Answer 23

sinus venosus (cardinal, umbilical, and vitelline veins)

Question 24

Intussusception of left atrium

Answer 24

Four pulmonary veins

Question 25

Somatic mesoderm becomes

Answer 25

Skin

Question 26

Splanchnic mesoderm becomes

Answer 26

Gut

Question 27

Mesodermal coelom becomes

Answer 27

Pericardial sac

Question 28

Cannonical WNTs

Answer 28

Hold cells of secondary heart field undifferentiated

Question 29

Non-cannonical WNTs

Answer 29

Stimulate differentiation of secondary heart field into outflow tract From adjacent pharynx

Question 30

Development of spiral septum controlled by

Answer 30

Neural crest cells from hindbrain

Question 31

R Aortic Arch I

Answer 31

Maxillary artery

Question 32

L Aortic Arch I

Answer 32

Maxillary artery

Question 33

R Aortic Arch II

Answer 33

``` Hyoid artery Stapedial artery (disappears) ```

Question 34

L Aortic Arch I

Answer 34

``` Hyoid artery Stapedial artery (disappears) ```

Question 35

R Aortic Arch III

Answer 35

Proximal - common carotid | Distal - internal carotid

Question 36

L Aortic Arch III

Answer 36

Proximal - common carotid | Distal - internal carotid

Question 37

L Aortic Arch IV

Answer 37

Medial aortic arch

Question 38

R Aortic Arch IV

Answer 38

R subclavian

Question 39

L Aortic Arch VI

Answer 39

L pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

Question 40

R Aortic Arch VI

Answer 40

R pulmonary artery

Question 41

R Dorsal aorta

Answer 41

Internal carotid and central right subclavian - both disappear

Question 42

L Dorsal aorta

Answer 42

Internal carotid (disappears) and descending aorta

Question 43

R Ventral aorta

Answer 43

External carotid Common Carotid Brachiocephalic

Question 44

L Ventral aorta

Answer 44

External carotid Common Carotid Ascending aorta

Question 45

Anterior cardinal vein drains

Answer 45

Head body wall

Question 46

Posterior cardinal vein drains

Answer 46

All body wall except head