embryology/development/anatomy

Question 1

visceral pleura comes from what?

Answer 1

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 2

parietal pleura comes from…

Answer 2

somatic mesoderm

Question 3

the laryngeal cartilage and musculature are derived from what 2 pharyngeal arches?

Answer 3

4 and 6

Question 4

the 4th pharyngeal arch (which makes up part of the laryngeal cartilage/musculature) is innervated by which nerve?

Answer 4

Superior laryngeal (X)

Question 5

the 6th pharyngeal arch (which makes up part of the laryngeal cartilage/musculature) is innervated by which nerve?

Answer 5

recurrent laryngeal (X)

Question 6

diaphragm is made up of what 4 parts?

Answer 6

1. septum transversum
2. pleuroperitoneal folds
3. Body wall
4. Dorsal mesentary of the esophagys

“Several Parts Build a Diaphragm”

Question 7

the septum transversum forms what in the diaphragm?

Answer 7

the central tendon

Question 8

What arteries supply the lung with oxygenated air for the lung tissue itself?

Answer 8

bronchial arteries branching off the descending aorta

Question 9

bronchial arteries drain into what vein on the left side?

Answer 9

hemiazygos vein

Question 10

bronchial arteries drain into what vein on the right side?

Answer 10

azygos vein

Question 11

What are the three openings in the diaphragm? What goes through them and at what level are they?

Answer 11

1) caval opening (IVC) at T8
2) eophageal hiatus (esophagus and vagus nerve) at T10
3) aortic hiatus (aorta, azygos vein and thoracic duct) at T12

“I 8 10 EgGs AAT 12”

Question 12

what comes through the caval opening in the diaphragm? Where is it located?

Answer 12

IVC comes through at T8

“I 8 10 EgGs AAT 12”

Question 13

what comes through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm? Where is it located?

Answer 13

esophagus and vagus nerve at T10

“I 8 10 EgGs AAT 12”

Question 14

what comes through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm? where is it located?

Answer 14

aorta, azygos vein and thoracic duct at T12

“I 8 10 EgGs AAT 12”

Question 15

If the Heme in Hb is in the Ferric state (Fe 3+) it is called _____? Is it more, or less able to bind O2 in this state? and is unable to bind 02

Answer 15

methemoglobin

it is unable to bind 02 in this state

Question 16

O2 sat is essentially 100% at a PaO2 greater than…

Answer 16

70 mmHG

Question 17

normal PaO2 is ? Leading to an O2 Sat of ?

Answer 17

100 mmHG—-> O2 sat 100%

Question 18

normal P02 of venous blood? 02Sat

Answer 18

P02 = 40 mmHG

02 Sat = 70%

Question 19

at what Pa02 in Hb 50% saturated?

Answer 19

25mmHg

Question 20

In acute respiratory acidosis, a 10mmHG increase on PaCO2 leads to what change in pH? What change in bicarb?

Answer 20

pH: decreased by 0.08
bicarb: 1mEq/L increase

Question 21

In chronic respiratory acidosis, a 10mmHG increase on PaCO2 leads to what change in pH? What change in bicarb?

Answer 21

pH: decreased by 0.03
bicarb: 3.5mEq/L increase

Question 22

In acute respiratory alkalosis, a 10mmHG decrease in PaCO2 leads to what change in pH? What change in bicarb?

Answer 22

pH: increased by 0.08
bicarb: 2mEq/L decrease

Question 23

In chronic respiratory alkalosis, a 10mmHG decrease in PaCO2 leads to what change in pH? What change in bicarb?

Answer 23

pH: increased by 0.03
bicarb: 5mEq/L decrease

Question 24

Causes of respiratory alkalosis (6)

Answer 24

1. PE
2. High Altitude (hypoxemia and increased resp rate)
3. psychogenic hyperventilation
4. pregnancy
5. cirrhosis
6. salicylate intoxication (due to direct stim of the medullary resp center)

Question 25

total pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is at it's lowest at what lung volume?

Answer 25

FRC

Question 26

at high lung volumes, what size vessels contribute the most to pulm. vasc. reistance (PVR)?

Answer 26

small vessels-- they're compressed by the stretched alveolar walls

Question 27

at low lung volumes, what size vessels contribute the most to pulm. vasc. reistance (PVR)?

Answer 27

larger extra-alveolar vessels- they're compressed due to decreased elastic traction