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Embryology Final Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Three stages of heart formation

A
  1. Formation of primitive heart tube
  2. Cardiac looping
  3. Cardiac septation
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2
Q

What are the three Layers of the heart tube

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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3
Q

Condition where both aorta and pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle

A

Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)

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4
Q

Pulmonary valve not formed properly

A

Pulmonary atresia

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5
Q

Improper blood flow in the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary stenosis

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6
Q

Types of Septum Formation

A

-Endocardial cushions (Two masses)
-Single tissue mass

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7
Q

Cardiac septation process

A
  1. Endocardial cushion
  2. artioventricular septum
  3. Interventricular septum
  4. Septum primum/foramen primum
  5. Foramen secundum
  6. Septum secundum/foramen ovale
  7. Spiral septum
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8
Q

Clinical correlates of cardiac septation

A
  1. Excessive resorption of septum primum
  2. Absence of septum secundum
  3. Absence of septum primum and septum secundum
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9
Q

Differences in circulation in fetal heart

A

-oxygenated blood comes through IVC from the placenta
-blood for pulmonary artery will go to the aorta through ductus arteriosus
-Blood shunts from R to L atrium through foramen ovale

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10
Q

How long does ductus arteriosus stay open

A

First 3 months after birth

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11
Q

Blood vessel development occurs by:

A

Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

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12
Q

Vessels arise from angioblasts

A

Vasculogenesis

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13
Q

Vessels sprout from existing vessels

A

Angiogenesis

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14
Q

Growth factor important in Vascular development

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

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15
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm divide into

A

Segmented and unsegmented intermediate mesoderm

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16
Q

3 stages of kidneys

A
  1. Pronephros (beginning/regresses)
  2. Mesoephros (also regresses)
  3. Metanephros (forms permanent kidney)
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17
Q

Where does pronephros start

A

Segmented intermediate mesoderm

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18
Q

Where are mesonephros formed

A

Unsegmented intermediate mesoderm

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19
Q

Mesonephric excretory vesicles are connected to

A

Wolffian Duct

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20
Q

What is the function of mesonephros

A

Acts as a collection duct/removal of waste products and fluid

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21
Q

What combines in mesanephros to create the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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22
Q

What does a nephron consist of

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

Composition of uriniferous tubules

A

RC, PCT, LOH, DCT + collecting duct and collecting tubule

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24
Q

Where do the collecting tubule and collecting duct come from

A

Uteretic bud

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25
Most glial cells differentiate from _______
Neuroepithelial Cells
26
In an adult, truncus arteriosus from the Aorta and ________
Pulmonary Artery
27
Neurons of dorsal root ganglion are formed from _________
Neural crest cells
28
Primordial of colliculi are formed by separation from the ____________
Alar plates
29
_________ process is essential for the formation of the outflow tract region during the development of the heart
Lengthening
30
The cardiovascular system is derived from which embryonic germ layer
Mesoderm
31
What does ductus arteriosus become in adults?
Ligamentum arteriosus
32
Parts of the nephron develop from the _________
Metanephric blastema
33
Ductus deferens originates from the ___________
Wolffian Duct
34
Of the different developmental stages of the kidney systems, which one gives rise to the adult kidney?
Metanephros
35
What tissues give rise to PHF and SHF
Lateral Plate Mesoderm (Visceral/Splanchnic); PHF is found between visceral mesoderm and endoderm
36
What folds are made as a result of cardiac looping
Ventral: Down/Right (Form ventricles) Dorsal: Up/Left (For Atria)
37
Germ layer origins of the endocardium
-Endoderm (simple squamous epithelium)
38
Germ layer origin of the myocardium
PHF and SHF
39
What is cardiac jelly made of
GAGs, glycoproteins and collagen
40
What germ layer is the epicardium made of
Dorsal mesocardium
41
Vasculogenesis
Vessels that arise from angioblasts
42
Angiogenesis
Vessels that arise/sprout from existing vessels
43
What does the mantle layer become
Gray matter/Cell bodies
44
What does the marginal layer become
White matter/axons
45
What does the Prosencephalon branch into
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
46
What does the mesencephalon branch into
Mesencephalon
47
What does the Rhombencephalon branch into
Metencephalon and Myelecephalon
48
Where do PGCs originate and end after migration
Originate: Endoderm cells in the wall of the yolk sac End: Dorsal Mesentery of hindgut
49
What is the function of PGCs
-Males: Produce medullary cords/testes -Females: Produce cortical cords/ovaries
50
Name the developmental stages of the kidneys in order
Pronephros-Mesonephros-Metanephros
51
What is the function of the Urachus
Plug off allantois
52
What determines development of the testis
SRY gene, Y chromosome
53
What plates deal with sensory info
Alar plates
54
What plates deal with motor info
Basal plates
55
What area of the brain does the Cephalic flexure deal with
Midbrain
56
What areas does the cervical flexure deal with
Hindbrain and spinal cord
57
What is the Foramen of Munro
Connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle
58
Function of the superior colliculi
Visual reflexes
59
Function of the inferior colliculi
Auditory reflexes
60
The Optic Cup combines:
Retina + Optic Nerve
61
What causes the Myelecephalon to flatten and moves the lateral walls laterally
Pontine flexure
62
What astrocyte is associated with grey matter
Protoplasmic astrocyte
63
What astrocyte is associated with white matter
Fibrillar Astrocyte

Embryology (3 decks)

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