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MOD 3 > Embryology review > Flashcards

Embryology review Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Angioblasts?

A

developed from from mesenchymal cells

differentiate into primitive red blood cells, others transform into endothelial cells to produce capillaries

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2
Q

Chorionic villi?

A

comprised of cytotrophoblast cells which become organized into columns that extend through the syncytiotrophoblast

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3
Q

Primary villi?

A

chorionic villi begin as this, consist of cytotrophoblast cells, surrounded by synctriotrophoblast

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4
Q

Secondary villi?

A

primary transform into this when extraembryonic mesoderm pentrates, producing mesodermal cores

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5
Q

Tertiary villi?

A

secondary transform when embryonic blood vessels develop in the cores

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6
Q

outer cytotrophoblast shell?

A

when the villi grow through the synctriotrophoblast to reach the endometrium, cytrotrophoblast cells then spread out between the synctriotrophoblast and endometrium to form an epithelium

villi that extend completely through- stem villi

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7
Q

Stem villi?

A

extend completely through the synctrioptrophoblast, terminal villi branch off these

serve as nutrient exchange in the placenta

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8
Q

embryonic component of the placenta?

A

develops from the chorion

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9
Q

maternal component of the placenta?

A

begins with the trophoblastic lacunae forming in the syncyciotrophoblast

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10
Q

maternal sinusoids?

A

lacunae expand and coalesce with glands and capillaries in the overlying endometrium

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11
Q

decidua?

A

overlying endometrium

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12
Q

intervillous space?

A

maternal sinusoids eventually expand between the villi and coalesce

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13
Q

Maternal blood flow vs embryonic blood flow?

A

maternal blood flows through the intervillous spaces

embryonic blood flow through the vessels within the villi

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14
Q

How do nutrients and oxygen exchange between maternal and embryonic blood?

A

diffusion across the walls of the villi, no mixing of blood, discouranges isomimmunization

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15
Q

produce the placenta?

A

chorionic villi completely surround the blastocyst intially, the regress from the abembryonic pole and become concentrated at the embryonic pole

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16
Q

Rh factors?

A

erythrocyte (RBC) surface antigens

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17
Q

Isoimmunization?

A

example- fetus is Rh pos, mother Rh neg

  • fetal blood gets into maternal and mother’s immune system will produce antibodies against the foreign Rh antigens
  • Rh antibodies cross the placenta readily results in hemolysis of fetal RBCs
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18
Q

Hemolytic anemia of the newborn?

A

any anemia of pregnancy resulting from excessive destruction of fetal RBCs

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19
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

any hemolytic anemia of pregnancy resulting from isoimmunization, such as Rh incompatibility

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20
Q

Hydrops fetalis?

A

an extreme case of erythroblastosis fetalis characterized by edema, elevated bilirubin (breakdown of hemoglobin), brain damage, and neonatal disease)

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21
Q

Diagnose hyrdrops fetalis?

A

spectrophotometric analysis of amniotic fluid

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22
Q

Treat hydrops fetalis?

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A

intrauterine transfusion of RBC packed blood

23
Q

Placenta abruptio?

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A

placenta ruptures or separates from the uterine wall, resulting in intrauterine bleeding

24
Q

most common mechanism for fetal blood getting into maternal circulatory system?

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A

bleeding that occurs when the placenta releases from the uterine wall during birth

25
Treat?
use the injected antibodies to clear any fetal Rh+RBCs from the mothers circulatory system before they can elicit an immune response
26
RhoGam?
trademark for anti-Rh0D antibodies
27
Fertilization usually occurs?
the ampulla of the tube
28
Why are multiple sperm needed to fertilize an egg?
mutliple acrosomal reactions are needed to break down the zona pellucida to allow one sperm to reach the egg's plasma membrane
29
Why are there multiple blocks for polyspermy?
corona radiata- ensure that sperm are not deformed, not capacitated zona pellucida- digest glycoproteins to reach plasma membrane zona reaction- prevents other sperm biding the zona
30
Inner cell mass?
forms the embryoblast | differentiates into fetal and extraembryonic tissues
31
Outer cell mass?
forms the trophoblast | differentiates to only produce extraembryonic tissues
32
Epiblast?
forms embryonic tissue
33
Hyopblast?
only forms extraembryonic tissues
34
chorion?
consists of 3 layers | -syncyciotrophoblast, cytrotrophoblast, somatic extraembryonic mesoderm
35
connecting stalk?
column of extraembryonic mesoderm between the splanchnic and somatic layers- will develop into the umbilical cord
36
amniotic cavity?
fetus will grow into this space
37
Invagination of epiblast cells?
they start invaginating in the bilaminar germ disc , begins at the caudal end, disappears by the 4th week start's at hensen's node, epiblast cells dissociate as mesenchymal cells spreading throughout the germ disc between the epiblast and endoderm
38
3 distinct layers form from invagination of epiblast cells?
endoderm- complete supplant the hypoblast by pushing it into the the extraembryonic endoderm mesoderm- mesenchyme btw the ectoderm and endoderm ectoderm- epiblast that fails to invaginate through the streak
39
primitive streak fails to regress?
sacrococcygeal teratoma | teratoma- tumors consisting of cell types from different tissues, primitive streak cells are stem cells
40
Premature regression of the streak?
caudal dysgenesis | many forms from clubbed feet to sinenomelia
41
Sinenomelia?
legs are fused, high mortality due to fusion of urinary system
42
Somites?
develop from paraxial mesoderm- surrounds the notochord | multiple somites form along each side of the neural tube, begin in the cranial region progress to the caudal direction
43
Sclerotomes?
medial portions of somites dissociate and reassemble into these structures differentiate into vertebrae
44
Dermomyotomes?
remaining portions of somites develop into, these laminate into dermatomes and myotomes
45
Dermatomes?
develop into branded regions of dermis
46
myotomes?
develop into muscles
47
Coeloms in the lateral mesoderm formation?
lacunae develop and coalesce into these, continuous with the surrounding chorionic cavity coeloms fuse ventrally into continuous ventral cavity, develop into the thoracic and abdominal cavities
48
somatopelvic mesoderm, splanchopelvic mesoderm?
dorsal wall and ventral wall of each coelom
49
Neurulation?
formation of the nervous system
50
notochord influence neurulation?
secretes growth factors to induce the overlying ectoderm to thicken, produce the neural plate - plate folds upward, walls=neural folds
51
Neural tube formation?
neural folds eventually converge and fuse along the dorsal midline at the region that eventually becomes the neck
52
Neural crests?
margins between the invaginating neural tube and the remaining ectoderm
53
Neural crest cells?
seperate from the neural crests and migrate throughout the embryonic mesoderm stem cells- form schwann cells, melanocytes, ganglia, cranial nerves, and conotruncal heart cushions

MOD 3 (1 decks)

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