Embryology, Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord Flashcards by Jessica Chambers

Life has two basic characteristics. What are they?

Metabolism and reproduction

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The two types of human cells are

somatic cells for metabolism and sex cells for reproduction

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Cell membrane is made up of

double layer membrane and proteins embedded or attached, cross talking with other cells

Remember stability vs. mobility

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What is the nucleus of a cell?

the structure in the cell that contains the chromosomes, compresses the genetic information into the chromosomes

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The mitochondria does what?

produces ATP, the power factory, have their own genetic material

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Diploid cells refer to cells with…

two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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haploid cells refers to cells with…

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

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sex cells replicate through

meiosis

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how long does it take for an egg cell to go through meiosis?

2 weeks

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how long does it take sperm cells to go through meiosis

64 days

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What happens during week one of embryology

fertilization

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cleavage is…

the equal distribution of cytoplasm from 2 to 8 cells, mainly replication

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Blastocysts start what

differentiation, unequal distribution of cytoplasm

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What happens during week 2 of embryology

implantation ( trophoblast cells invade endometrium and start to recruit cells for blood vessels to form placenta)

Inner cell mass develops into epiblast and hypoblast

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What percentage of blastocysts fail to implant in the 1st two weeks?

30%

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What happens in Embryology week 3?

Formation of placenta
Gastrulation (germ layers formed: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm)
-Formation of notochord

START EMBRYO PHASE

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What happens in Embryology week 4?

Establishment of body plans, formation of somites: mesoderm, notochord as the axis

segmental interaction of nervous system and somites
primitive organs still nonfunctional

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The dorsal somite gives rise to what?

the sclerotome and dermomyotome

-segmental distribution, muscles and bones develop independently: no origin and insertion at the beginning

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Muscles have origins and insertions when they first form. True or False.

False

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A lack of caudal neuropore closure during the closure of the neural tube causes what?

spina bifida

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What happens with no closure of the neural tube in the cranial/rostal neuropore?

acephaly

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the neural tube is part of which nervous system?

CNS

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Motor neurons have two types. What are they?

somatic - axons expand outward to somites
visceral- axons expand to visceral motor ganglia

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Neural crest is part of what?

the PNS

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Somatic sensory neurons expand into whta?

the neural tube and somites

Autonomic nervous system is made up of what?

visceral motor ganglia

Which limb is formed first?

upper limb

By what week is an embryo almost fully formed?

week 9

Myotome and dermatome do what during development?

rotate with the limb rotation

Dermatomes are...

- map, huge variations among people and even within the same individual

When is the EMBRYO formed?

week3

When is the embryo considered a fetus?

week 9

Four curvatures of the spine are

-Cervical lordosis -Thoracic kyphosis - lumbar lordosis -sacral kyphosis

Which two curvatures of the spine flex

thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis

Which two curvatures of the spine extend

cervical lordosis, lumber lordosis

Curvatures do what?

provide flexibility, support, protection and shock absorption

C1 is the ...

atlas

the atlas has no....

vertebral body or spinous process

c2 is the ...

axis

the axis and the c1 vertebral body form the ...

dens *happens during development

Vertebral body is a

uncinate process

uncinate processes have what shape?

hook

The transverse process is

a groove and a foramen transversarium

Which cervical vertebra has no bifurcated spinous process?

The Thoracic vertebrae body has/does what?

has a superior/inferior rib demi-facets, articulates with ribs

Which thoracic vertebrae are unique?

T1, T9-T12

The transverse process is the articulating facet of the thoracic vertebrae. True or false?

True

Lumbar vertebrae have the largest what?

Body

Mammillary process is the what?

superior process on costal process connected in the lumbar region with the back part of the superior articular process

Accessory process is the what?

an inferior tubercle of the lower thoracic vertebrae situated at the back part of the base of the costal process, which forms the beginnings of the original transverse process.

atlanto-occipital joint is during which movement of the head

yes

atlanto-odontoid joint is moved during which movement of the head

atlanto-axial joint has no what?

no disc

Between the vertebral bodies there are:

Intervertebral discs, uncovertebral joints

Discs are named according to what?

the superior vertebrae ex. C4 disc is between C4 and C5

What is an anatomic landmark in the cervical region?

Dens

How do you know if an image is a CT scan?

bones are white

How do you know if a MRI is T1 or T2?

T1 - only the fat is white, under the skin is subcutaneous tissue/ fat T2- both fat and water/fluid are white

What is the thinnest disc along the spine?

intervertebral discc

Zygapophyesal joints are also known as

facet joints

What percent of the population has a 6th lumbar vertebra?

10%

X-rays are usually in which view?

Anterior-posterior (AP) view

Anterior longitudinal ligament is _____ caudally and _____ cranially.

Broad, narrow if opposite - lumbar disc herniation or tectorial membrane

Posterior longitudinal ligament is in the

vertebral canal

The tectorial membrane is the

specialized posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical region

the ligament nuchae runs from

C6 to external occipital protuberance

Specialized ligaments in the cervical region are

Tectorial membrane, transverse ligament of atlas, apical ligament, alar ligament, ligament nuchae

Specialized ligaments in the lumbosacral region are

iliolumbar and lumbosacral ligaments

Functional spinal unit is

adjacent two vertebrae and 3 joints

The anterior column of the vertebral body withholds what percentage of stress along the spine?

70%

The posterior column arch witholds what percentage of stress along the spine?

30%

The anterior column of the FSU controls the

degrees of motion EXCEPT IN THE CERVICAL REGION

The posterior column arch controls the

types of motion

Facet joints do what in the sagittal plane?

FLX/EXT

Facet joints do what motion in the coronal plane?

L or R side bend

Facet joints do what motion in the transverse plane?

L or R rotation

Nucleus pulposus is

degenerated from notochord, difficult to heal after injury

Impingement of the ligamenta flava causes

spinal stenosis, Flx decrease the compression

Facet joint hypertrophy causes

degenerative change and nerve root impingement

Disk herniation has what types and grades

Buldge Protrusion Extrusion Sequesteration Increase in severity from top to bottom of list

Which two types of disc herniation benefit from Mckenzie extension and traction?

Buldge and protrusion further grades of herniation do not benefit

In which two regions is it easiest to herniate a disc?

Cervical and Lumbar

Why do lumbar discs have a higher risk of herniation?

70% vs 30% or stress in lumbar, discs are so thin, don’t have much to be herniated. - posterior and anterior ligament don’t provide enough support for lateral underside part of the disc

Nervous system has hundreds of subsystems. True or false?

True

Both the CNS/PNS have:

efferent (information issues out) and afferent (information flows in)

PNS divides into

Afferent: sensory somatic sensory motor Efferent: motor somatic - to skeletal muscles motor visceral - cardiac and smooth muscles - motor visceral has sympathetic and parasympathetic

What is a ganglion?

a cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

What is a nucleus in relation to the nervous system?

A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

The CNS is made up of

Neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocyte (myelin sheath), ependymal cells

The PNS is made up of

Neurons, satellite cells, and schwann cells (myelin sheath)

Spinal cord is developed from -

neural tube

Grey matter contains

dendrites and cell bodies of neurons. NON MYELINATED - dorsal horn for sensory -ventral horn for motor - intermedial lateral horn

White matter is

axonal tracts - mainly myelinated

The central canal contains

CSF for nutrition and protection

The spinal canal is made up of

The vertebral canal which is the foramina from cervical vertebrae:7, Thoracic vertebrae:12, lumbar vertebrae:5. and the sacral canal which contains the sacrum:1

How many axon can a neuron have?

One. No matter how complicated.

Where does the spinal cord end?

T12~L2

Where does the spinal cord initiate?

the foramen magnum

The conus medullaris is the

cone shape at the end of the spinal cord

The cauda equina is the

end of the spinal cord where nerves go elsewhere. means quite literally horse tail.

Meninges from Deep to Superficial

Pia mater is inner, then arachnoid mater, then dura mater

Which meninge is strongest?

dura mater

What are the specialized ligament(s) in the dura mater

filum terminale externum

What are the specialized ligament(s) in the pia mater

denticulate ligament and filum terminal internum

What is the epidural space between?

the dura mater and the vertebral bony wall

What is the subdural space between?

the dural mater and the arachnoid mater

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

CSF

Enlargements of the cervical region names and what they are for

the cervical plexus and brachial plexus for neck and upper limbs

Enlargements of the lumbosacral region and what they are for

lumbar plexus and sacral plexus for gluteal/groin areas and lower limbs

Which ligaments are formed by pia mater and where are they located?

Denticulate ligament and fulum terminale internum *run longitudinally between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord and serve to suspend the spinal cord from side to side in the dural sac. The pia continues inferiorly from the end of the spinal cord (at the level of the second lumbar vertebra) as the filum terminale internum.

From superficial to deep, what’s the order of the meninges?

Dura, arachnoid, pia

Embryology, Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord Flashcards

(111 cards)