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Louis - American History > Emergence of Modern America (1865 - 1900) > Flashcards

Emergence of Modern America (1865 - 1900) Flashcards

1
Q

Oklahoma Land Rush

A

When the government gave away land in “No Man’s Land”, Oklahoma to people who went there. They each got 160 acres of land, which was originally supposed to be native american land.

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2
Q

Five Civilized Tribes

A

Cherokees, Chickasaws, Chocktaws, Creeks, and Seminoles. These were the five Native American tribes that were relocated to Oklahoma before the Civil War. Most sided with the Confederacy, and faced the consequences after the North won by losing much of their land

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3
Q

Curtis Act

A
  • Abolished tribal jurisdiction over Native American territory in Oklahoma, meaning Native Americans had to dismantle their governments
  • Greatly reduced the amount of land allocated to Native Americans
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4
Q

Three Events that Brought Many Easterners Out West

A
  1. California Gold Rush (1848)
  2. Opening of Western land to Homesteaders (1862)
  3. Completion of Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
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5
Q

Indians Under Seige

A

As Americans started to expand Westward, and our population increased, Native Americans were forced to assimilate into the United States

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6
Q

Indian Removal Act

A
  • Passed by Congress in 1830
  • Provided funds to move all Indians in the Eastern US to the West
  • Struck down the Supreme Court
  • Andrew Jackson moved all the Indians to reservations in the West anyway
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7
Q

Native American Reservations

A
  • Native Americans agreed to live on smaller, defined territories
  • In exchange, America would provide protection and essential services
  • However, after relocating Native Americans to reservations, the Bureau of Indian Affairs didn’t supply those essential services, and many Native Americans starved
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8
Q

Buffalo

A
  • Native Americans in the Great Plains used Buffalo for everything - from food to shelter
  • To force Native Americans to give in and relocate to reservations, the US Army killed many Buffalo, assuming the Native Americans would rather go to the reservations rather than starve, which worked
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9
Q

Sand Creek Massacre

A

Colorado militiamen invaded Cheyenne & Arapaho territory, but even after the Native Americans surrendered, the mlitiamen continued to kill and mutilate the Native Americans (including families and children), which then provoked months of retaliation

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10
Q

Great Sioux War

A
  • 1865 - 1867 (right after Civil War)
  • Series of battles between the Sioux Nation & the US
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11
Q

Custer’s Last Stand

A
  • Colonel George Custer supposed to survey for gold on Sioux territory, and quietly report if he found it. He did find it, but broadcasted to everyone instead
  • People from the East coast fled to the gold, upsetting the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho who lived there
  • The Native Americans attacked and decimated Custer’s troops at Little Bighorn
  • This gave those who hated Native Americans the emotionaly call to eliminate the Native Americans
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12
Q

Helldorados

A
  • Boomtowns
  • Ethnically diverse communities
  • Men outnumbered women (10 to 1)
  • Many peope did not live with familes nor stayed very long
  • Usually were people interested in mining
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13
Q

Geronimo

A

Highly-capable battle leader of the Apache Indians, who after being fed up with the poor living conditions in their Arizona reservation, attacked the US Army

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14
Q

Nez Perces

A
  • Chief Joseph’s tribe
  • Land was taken over when gold was discovered there, and the US government forced the Nez Perce tribe to sell it for very little money
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15
Q

California Mine Towns

A

Towns that were focused on gold mines in CA. They created their own small economies by buying wood from timber farms to support the mines, pumps to wash down the mine shafts, and wagons to transport the gold

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16
Q

Caminetti Act

A
  • Gave states the power to regulate mines
  • Was necessary because California gold mines were altering the paths of rivers and in doing so, flooding towns
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17
Q

The First Unions

A
  • The first unions were created in the mines of California to enforce 8 hour work days for certain tasks
  • Eventually, unions would become a major force in the East
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18
Q

Great Salt Lake Basin

A
  • Mormons were persecuted for their faith, especially their beliefs in polygamy
  • They fled to the Great Salt Lake Basin where they could live peacefully
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19
Q

Edmunds Act

A

Make polygamy illegal (major problem for Mormons)

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20
Q

Edmunds-Tucker Act

A

Dissolved the Latter-day Saints Church, and seized all its assets. This was a major blow for Mormons

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21
Q

Mexicanos

A
  • Once Mexicans who then became Americans after the Mexican-American war
  • Originally lived on large farms or ranches, then were pushed into smaller and smaller plots - and eventually moved to the cities
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22
Q

Frontier Violence

A
  • Due to prostitution, gambling, and drinking, many communities were unstable
  • Many of the people were very violent in the cattle and mining towns
  • Local specialty shops and mail order catalogs were able to sell guns with very little regulation
    • Gun fights though, were very rare
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23
Q

Prostitution in Cattle Towns

A
  • Due to the big male : female ratio, prostitution became a profitable business in the cattle towns, where cowboys quickly became clients
  • The work was dangerous - many prostitutes were murdered, and others caught STDs
24
Q

The Great Desert

A
  • The first nickname of the Great Plains (because there were no trees, and the water was always muddy)
  • In reality, the Great Plains were very fertile and would become the agricultural backbone of the United States - but in the meantime, no one wanted to move there
25
Q

Homestead Act of 1862

A
  • Gave applicants (men, women, African-Americans, immigrants) 160 acres of Western land, so long as the applicant improved the land within one year (that usually meant building a cabin on the land)
    • Land-speculators made a lot of profit by buying the land from the government closest to the railroad lines, and then selling it to buyers
26
Q

Railroad-driven Development

A
  • Pre Civil War, railroads were built to connect already existing towns
  • In this era, the Railroad was built first, then the railroad advertised for people to come and buy land alongside the tracks - so cities followed the railroad instead of railroads following the cities
27
Q

Immigrants in the Great Plains

A
  • Many Great Plains settlers were European immigrants
  • Immigrants of different countries would stick together and create communities that were practically colonies of their homeland
  • Germans were the most common, but Finns, Swedes, Danes, and Czechs were also common
28
Q

Communities on the Great Plains

A

Farming on the Great Plains was very difficult, so farmers often sought the help of each other to harvest and clear the land. They built a culture where the men and women worked together

29
Q

Farming Technologies

A
  • John Deere “singing plow” made plowing and overturning the soil much easier
  • Cyrus McCormick’s reaper
30
Q

Agricultural Advancements

A
  • Morrill Act of 1862 - granted colleges land if they created agricultural programs
  • Hatch Act of 1887 - created investment for agricultural research
  • Department of Agriculture reaches Cabinet-level influence
31
Q

98th Meridian

A
  • North-South line that went through Oklahama, Nebraska, Kansas, and Eastern Dakota. West of this line received little rain, often turning the soil into dust
32
Q

Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States

A
  • John Wesley Powell’s work that advised the government to encourage settlement near sources of water and to build irrigation systems
33
Q

California Agribusiness

A
  • Small farms for living off of gave way to massive farms that supplied food to the Eastern United States and to the rest of the world
  • Railroads grew around these farms to help transport the crops
  • Farming shifted from a way of life to a business venture
  • Sunmaid raisings and Sunkist origins came from this time
  • Refrigerated train cars made it easier to transport fruit
  • After the Gold Rush ended, Chinese laborers started to work on farms
34
Q

Exhausting the Land

A
  • Farmers introduced new species of plants to grow, and killed many animals that ate their crops, or whose bones & meat sold on the market
  • The number of buffalo, wolves, and native plants plummeted - America was losing many of its native species
  • Farmers allowed their cattle to overgraze, causing the soil to lose all plants, which made it unable to retain water, which turned it to dust
  • California farmers hogged water sources and drained the land of water where it naturally was
35
Q

Protecting the Land

A
  • The Forest Reclamation Act of 1897 and the National Reclamation Act of 1902 began federal regulation for our land
  • Presidents Harrison & Cleveland created natural reserves to protect the land in certain areas (much like National Parks today)
36
Q

Landscape Painters

A
  • The West was a beautiful place, and attracted the attention of many landscape painters, like Albert Bierstadt, whose paintings of the mountains sold for tens of the thousands of dollars
37
Q

Yosemite Act

A
  • Placed the beautiful cliffs and Sequoias under the protection of the federal government
38
Q

National Parks

A
  • The first national parks were created to protect the land. National parks are owned by the federal government
  • The first national parks include Yellowstone, Yosemite, Crater Lake, Mount Rainier, and Glacier National Park
39
Q

“Westerns”

A
  • Books and stories about the American West, including Buffalo Bill and The Kind of the Border Men
40
Q

Henry Morgan

A
  • Studied Native American tribes
  • Proposed that Native Americans were less evolved than whites
41
Q

Indian Education & Civilization

A
  • Written by Alice Fletcher, who joined the Omaha tribe to learn about it
  • One of the first general recordings of Indian life
42
Q

A Century of Dishonor

A
  • At this point in American history, most Native Americans are relegated to small reserves, where they don’t have enough food, and where the US continues to reduce their rights and encourage them to convert to Christianity
  • Helen Hunt Jackson was one among a few who thought the treatment of Native Americans was immoral, and in response, wrote A Century of Dishonor to catalog everything Native Americans were being subjected to
43
Q

Dawes Severalty Act

A
  • Major attempt by the government to break down Native American tribes and force them to assimilate with the American way of life
  • Passed by Congress in 1877, allowed the federal government to allocate 160 acre plots to individual Native Americans only - not to Native American tribes. This was an attempt to break up the Native American tribe
44
Q

The Ghost Dance

A
45
Q

Eight Hour Movement

A
  • American movement that called for 8 hour work-days for laborers
  • At the time, employees were working 10+ hours in terrible conditions
46
Q

Union Strike at McCormick Reaper Works

A

At the end of a union strike, a bomb went off, killing one policeman. In reaction, the police shot into the crowd, and many died. The police never found the person who set the bomb off, but eight men were accussed, and all were hanged

47
Q

Rise of Inequality

A

Two classes were developing in the United States: the very rich, and the very poor (who were working in the factories). This gap was widening and it was causing a lot of tension in the country

48
Q

Thomas Edison

A
  • Delivered electricity to people’s homes
  • Invented the lightbulb, which allowed people to work more efficiently at night
49
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

Invented the telephone - people could now speak to each other from great distances

50
Q

Transcontinental RailRoads

A

There were three railroads that criss-crossed the country. They made it possible for raw materials harvested in the West to be transported to the East, where those materials would be used in manufacturing

51
Q

Mail Order House

A
  • Retail firm that conducts its business by receiving orders and shipping its merchandise through the mail and that supplies its customers with catalogs, circulars, etc.
  • Trains and the postal service made this model much more efficient
  • Chicago was one of the biggest mail order centers in the country
52
Q

Chain Stores

A
  • Had the benefits of economies of scale
    • Had tons of items and made very little profit off them, but since they sold so much there profit was infact large
  • they started to run out independant stores
  • department stores were like an ealry version of a mall
53
Q

Advertising Revolution

A
  • Began in 1869 by Francis Ayer
  • Helps retail stores go from 8 milion dollars in 1860 to 100 million in 1900
54
Q

Growth of Big Bussiness

A
  • Big bussiinesses begin to wipe out small bussinesses
  • Small stores can’t afford to survive recessions, which allowed big bussinesses to take over
  • Two ways bussinesses grow:
    • Verticle Integration
      • When you own everything from raw materials, to production, to the final producton
        • ex) united fruit company
    • Horizontal combination
      • Monopoly
        • ex) standard oil(Rockefeller)
  • Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust act meant to break up monopolys
55
Q

Gospel of Wealth

A
  • Protestant Christians
  • 90% of all bussiness owners were Protestant
  • Bussiness owers used the religion to stab their partners in the back
  • Jay Gould made his money through shadey bussiness deals and tricking people
  • Andrew Carnegie built his empire in steal
    • His steal accounted for 1/3 of the steal in the US
    • He spent his money building colleges arounds the US
    • By the time he had died he had given away almost all of his fortune
56
Q

Social Darwinism

A
  • A theory used to explain why it was ok that the rich got richer and the poor got poorer
57
Q

Gospel of Work

A
  • The duty of americans is to put in a hard day’s work and that you should be happy at the end of the day after putting in the hard work
  • Wage system comes out of this

Louis - American History (3 decks)

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