Emergency medicine

Question 1

What is the only airway opening maneuver used in trauma cases?

Answer 1

Jaw thrust
Incase of cervical spine injury

Question 1

How do airway opening maneuvers work?

Answer 1

They apply anterior tension to the hyoid bone and draw the epiglottis away from the posterior pharyngeal wall, opening the pharynx

Question 2

Define type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 2

PaO2 low (8.0 kPa)

PaCO2 normal or low (<6.7 kPa)

Question 3

What are causes of type 1 respiratory failure?

Answer 3

Parenchymal disease (V/Q mismatch)
Interstitial lung diseases: ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), pneumonia, emphysema (V/Q mismatch)
Right-to-left shunt

Question 4

Define type 2 respiratory failure

Answer 4

PaO2 decreased (<8.0 kPa)

PaCO2 increased (>6.7 kPa)

Question 5

What are the causes of type 2 respiratory failure?

Answer 5

Increased airway resistance (croup, bronchiolitis, asthma)
Neurological hypoventilation (drug effects, brain stem lesion)
Neuromuscular problems (Guillain–Barré syndrome, congenital myopathy)
Decreased functional residual capacity (e.g. kyphoscoliosis, chest deformity, pneumothorax, flail chest)