Emergency Procedures

Question 1

What is a spin?

Answer 1

Controlled or uncontrolled maneuver where the aircraft descends in a helical path which flying at an AOA greater than critical AOA.

Result from aggravated stalls in slip or skid

If stall doesn’t occur, spin cannot occur

In a stall one wing usually drops first and the nose will yaw in direction on low wing

Question 2

Where might an unintentional spin occur?

Answer 2

Engine failure on takeoff during climb out.

Cross controlled turn from base to final.

Engine failure on approach

Go around with excessive nose up trim

Go around with improper flap retraction

Question 3

Spin recovery procedure?

Answer 3

Power to idle
Ailerons neutral
Rudder full opposite
Elevator down

After spin stops, neutralize rudder and apply back pressure to raise nose

Question 4

What does an aft center of gravity do to an aircraft’s spin characteristics?

Answer 4

Recover becomes more difficult as CG moves aft.

Question 5

What load factor is present in a spin?

Answer 5

Slightly above the 1G load of level flight. Because airspeed is low and the plane pivots rather than turns

Question 6

What procedures should be followed concerning a partial loss of power inflight?

Answer 6

Maintain suitable airspeed 
Select landing area
Cabin flow checklist
-carb heat
-fuel/selector
-mixture 
-primer (in and locked)
-mags

Question 7

Procedure for complete engine failure on takeoff

Answer 7

Throttle idle
Brakes
Flaps up
Mixture idle cut off
Ignition off
Master off

Question 8

Procedure if engine fails immediately after takeoff?

Answer 8

Best glide
Pick a landing site straight ahead 
Mixture idle cut off
Fuel selector off 
Ignition off
Flaps as required 
Master off

Question 9

Procedure for engine failure enroute

Answer 9

Best glide
Select base
Attempt restart(time permitting)
-Carb heat on
-Fuel selector both 
-mixture rich
-ignition both (if prop stopped, turn back to start)
-primer in and locked

Question 10

Procedure for engine failure and forced landing

Answer 10

Best glide 
Best base 
Attempt restart (time permitting)
Transponder 7700
Transmit mayday message on 121.5
Spiral down to approach end of site
Forced landing checklist

Question 11

Forced landing checklist

Answer 11

Best glide 
Mixture idle cut off 
Fuel selector off
Ignition off
Flaps as required 
Doors unlatched 
Master off
Touch down tail low 
Brake heavily

Question 12

Ditching check list

Answer 12

Transponder 7700
Transmit May Day 
Secure or jettison heavy objects
Landing gear up
Flaps 20-30
300fpm/60KIAS
Approach and land parallel to sea swells in light winds. Into wind with high wind/heavy sea 
Open doors
Touchdown level
Protect body 
Evacuate (open windows to equalize pressure)

Question 13

What is detonation?
What might cause it?
What action should be taken?

Answer 13

Uncontrolled, explosive ignition of fuel/air mixture in cylinder. Causes excessive temp and pressure

Lower than recommended fuel grade
High manifold pressure with low rpm
High power with lean mixture 
Extended ground operations
Steep climbs

Use proper grade fuel
Cool flaps full open
Enrich mixture for take off and initial climb
Shallow climb angle to increase cooling 
Avoid high power extended steep climbs
Monitor engine instruments

Question 14

What is preignition?
What causes?
What actions should be taken?

Answer 14

When fuel/air mixture ignited prior to the normal ignition event.

Hot spots in combustion chamber
Carbon deposit on spark plug
Other damage that causes a part to heat

Use proper fuel grade
keep engine cool by operating within temp/pressure/rpm ranges

Question 15

What to do if engine runs rough in heavy rain?

Answer 15

Induction air filter might be water saturated. Use carb heat

Question 16

What to do if engine driven fuel pump fails?

Answer 16

Gravity flow will provide enough fuel in level or descending flight. Use auxiliary pump when climbing

Question 17

What minimizes spark plug fouling?

Answer 17

Lean the mixture properly

Excessively rich mixture causes unburned carbon and lead deposits on spark plugs

Question 18

During a XC flight the oil pressure is low but oil temp is normal, what’s the problem? What should you do?

Answer 18

Most likely not enough oil

Possibly a clogged valve or gauge malfunction. Land at nearest airport.

Question 19

Loss of oil pressure and rising oil temp indicates what?

Answer 19

Oil required for cooling is gone and engine failure is imminent. Reduce throttle and land ASAP using minimum power to reach landing area

Question 20

Engine fire on ground during start up?

Answer 20

Continue starting…
If it starts, increase power to higher rpm for a few moments then shut down and inspect

If it does not start, full throttle and mixture idle cut off. Continue cranking.

If fire continues… obtain fire extinguisher and assistance and master off, ignition off, fuel selector off, evacuate and fight fire

Question 21

Engine fire inflight?

Answer 21

Mixture idle cut off
Fuel selector off 
Master off 
Cabin heat and air vents off 
Establish 105KIAS increase descent as necessary
Execute forced landing

Question 22

Electrical fire in aircraft

Answer 22

Check all circuit breakers, if odor continues...
Master off
Avionics off
All switched except ignition off
Close all heat/air vents
Use fire extinguisher

Question 23

Post electrical fire procedure

Answer 23

Turn master on
Check circuit breakers DO NOT RESET
Radio switches off
Avionics on 
Cautiously turn on radio and electrical switches with short delay after each one

Question 24

Cabin fire in flight?

Answer 24

Master off
Close all air/heat vent
Use fire extinguisher
Land ASAP

Question 25

Wing fire in flight

Answer 25

Nav, strobe lights off Pitot heat off Side slip to keep flames from fuel tank and cabin area

Question 26

Describe the 3 different types of icing?

Answer 26

``` Induction Structural -clear ice (smooth solid sheet) -rime (droplets freeze before spreading) -mixed (both clear and time) Instrument ```

Question 27

What is necessary for structural ice to occur?

Answer 27

Flying through visible water (rain or cloud droplets) and temp 0 or colder where moisture strikes aircraft

Question 28

Which is more dangerous, rime or clear ice?

Answer 28

Clear ice | It is hard and heavy and removal by deicing equipment is difficult

Question 29

What should you be aware of with respect to icing in preflight planning?

Answer 29

Location of fronts- location, type, speed, direction Cloud layers-can you go over or above Freezing levels- how to avoid and how to exit icing conditions if accidentally encountered Air temp and pressure- icing usually found in low pressure area at temps around freezing

Question 30

What is the “freezing level”?

Answer 30

Lowest air where the temperature is 0 over a given area. There can be multiple freezing levels when temp inversions occur

Question 31

Procedure if icing is accidentally encountered?

Answer 31

Leave area of visible moisture. Do not procrastinate if you ascend. If you descend you must know temp of air and terrain below. ``` Pitot on Carb heat Cabin heat Increase throttle Lean for max rpm Higher stall speeds Leave flaps retracted ```

Question 32

If you’ve encountered ice, hoe would your approach to landing differ?

Answer 32

``` Maintain more power Higher airspeed Expect higher stall speed Longer landing roll No flaps recommended Stay higher Avoid missed approach ```

Question 33

What type if precipitation produces the most hazardous icing?

Answer 33

Freezing rain

Question 34

Does stall warning system have any protection from ice?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

What causes carb ice and what are it’s indications?

Answer 35

Vaporization of air combined with expansion of air as it passes through the carburetor, causes a sudden cooling of the mixture. Can drop as much as 60 degrees. If temp in carb reaches 32 or less the moisture becomes frost or ice in carburetor First indication is loss of rpm Loss of manifold pressure in constant speed propeller

Question 36

What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing?

Answer 36

Temps below 70F and humidity above 80% BUT could also occur at 100F and 50% humidity

Question 37

If the airplane has anti icing or deicing equipment, can it be flown into icing conditions?

Answer 37

No necessarily, check POH, placards etc

Question 38

If flying an aircraft in FIKI... what is a roll upset?

Answer 38

Uncommanded and uncontrolled roll phenomena associated with severe inflight icing. Caused by airflow separation (aerodynamic stall) Severe icing is outside akicing envelope. Don’t go there

Question 39

What is meant by decompression? What are the types? What are the dangers?

Answer 39

Inability of the aircraft pressure system to maintain the designed pressure Explosive: less than .5 seconds, faster than lungs can decompress. Dangerous Rapid: lungs decompress faster than the cabin. Hypoxia Being blown out of the airplane The bends Exposure to wind blast and extreme cold

Question 40

When would an emergency descent be necessary? What’s the procedure?

Answer 40

Uncontrollable fire, loss of cabin pressure Power idle 30-45 degree bank If applicable... prop control to low pitch and extend landing gear

Question 41

What are the standards for demonstrating an emergency descent?

Answer 41

Knowledge of related elements Recognize situation that require it Appropriate airspeed +\- 10kts Exhibit orientation, division of attention, planing Maintain positive load factor Maintain appropriate airspeed and level off at specified altitude Complete check list

Question 42

What instruments are affected when the pitot tube freezes?

Answer 42

If drain hole is clear, airspeed drops to 0, alt and vsi Normal If drain hole also blocked, asi acts as alt, at and vsi normal

Question 43

What instruments are affected when static port freezes?

Answer 43

ASI- accurate at frozen altitude ALT- indicates altitude at which system was blocked VSI- indicates level flight

Question 44

What action must be taken if the pitot tube/static port freezes?

Answer 44

Pitot tube: turn on pitot heat | Static port: use alternate if available or break face of static instrument (vsi)

Question 45

What indications would you expect on alternate air?

Answer 45

Altimeter reads higher Airspeed reads faster Vertical speed indicates climb

Question 46

What instruments can still be used in event of complete vacuum system failure in IMC?

Answer 46

``` Turn coordinator (bank) Magnetic compass (bank) Airspeed (pitch) Altimeter (pitch) VSI (pitch) ```

Question 47

What would a positive or negative deflection of the ammeter mean both after starting and Inflight?

Answer 47

Positive - after start- power from battery is being replenished by alternator - inflight: faulty regulator causing alternator to over charge battery Negative - after start: normal during start, other times indicates alternator is not functioning and battery is not being charged - inflight: alternator not functioning, battery not charging.

Question 48

What action should be taken if the ammeter shows a continuous discharge (left needle) while in flight?

Answer 48

Check master and alternator circuit breaker, maybe reset. If problem continues, pull alternator circuit breaker, turn off all non essential electrical equipment, land ASAP

Question 49

What action should be taken if ammeter shows continuous charge (right needle) in flight?

Answer 49

Battery could over heat and possibly explode. Pull alternator circuit breaker, turn off all non essential electrical equipment, land ASAP.

Question 50

If landing gear down indication is not received, what action is recommended first?

Answer 50

Check... Master ON Landing gear and gear pump circuit breakers are IN Check both landing gear position indicators. If bulb is burnt out, you can use another as a temporary replacement

Question 51

What to do if landing gear fails to retract after takeoff?

Answer 51

Check... Master ON Gear lever FULL UP position Gear pump/landing gear circuit breakers IN Clear up light Recycle landing gear lever Check for motor operation by watching ammeter and listening for the noise *if you still hear the gear motor after 1 minute, pull out the gear pump circuit breaker to avoid overheating. Reinstall when needed for landing

Question 52

How is the emergency gear extension system operated?

Answer 52

There is a hand pump located between front seats. Manually extends gear in hydraulic failure

Question 53

Procedure if landing gear does not extend normally?

Answer 53

Check... Master ON Landing gear lever DOWN Gear pump/landing gear circuit breakers IN Extend handle and pump emergency hand pump until heavy resistance (30-40 pumps) Gear down light ON Secure pump handle

Question 54

What do you do if gear won’t go down even after trying the hand pump?

Answer 54

Gear up landing - complete before landing checklist - normal approach configuration with full flaps - gear pump/landing gear circuit breakers IN - tail low landing - minimum breaking - taxi slowly - shut down and inspect

Question 55

Procedure for flat main landing gear tire?

Answer 55

Normal approach configuration full flaps Touchdown with good tire first, keep flat tire off ground as long a possible Use braking as required in good wheel to maintain directional control

Question 56

Why should taxing on slush, snow, or ice be avoided in retractable gear airplane?

Answer 56

Mid and slush can be thrown into wheel wells and freeze inflight causing operational problems

Question 57

What is an asymmetrical flap emergency and how do you deal with it?

Answer 57

When flaps on one side deploy but the other side does not. Use opposite aileron and rudder to counter. You will be in a cross controlled position. Fly approach with higher than normal airspeed and don’t flare excessively

Question 58

What procedure for loss of elevator control?

Answer 58

``` Level flight Trim for 60 Flaps 20 Maintain glide angle with throttle At landing flare, trim full nose up and reduce power, close throttle at touch down ```

Question 59

Inadvertent door opening

Answer 59

Establish straight and level flight Trim for 80 Open a window Push outward then pull door closed and lock it

Question 60

What if baggage door opens in flight?

Answer 60

Bc of location of the door, it tends to remain closed due to airflow pressure

Question 61

Factors to consider when choosing survival equipment?

Answer 61

Climate | Terrain

Question 62

Additional equipment required for aircraft operated for hire over water beyond power off glide distance from shore?

Answer 62

Approved flotation gear readily available for each occupant and at least one pyrotechnic signal device

Question 63

What do you have in the aircraft that can be used for survival?

Answer 63

``` Compass Gasoline (make fire) Oil (smoke signal) Upholstery (warmth) Wiring (tie string) Battery (ignite fuel) ```

Question 64

Pax briefing

Answer 64

Seatbelt-slide flat metal end into buckle, to release lift up. Low and tight. Air vents-pull out to turn on, push in to turn off Fire extinguisher- location, charged, use Emergency exit- location, open doors just prior to landing, get out immediately Talking- no unnecessary talking during take off and landing. If I hold my hand up, that means be quiet so I can hear the radio. You have questions?

Question 65

Inadvertent flight into clouds

Answer 65

Note heading | Use TC standard rate 180 turn

Question 66

Low oil pressure with normal oil temp? Low oil pressure with high oil temp?

Answer 66

Land at nearest airport Engine failure likely imminent. Reduce power, pick a base to land, use minimum power

Question 67

Excessive rate of charge

Answer 67

Attempt to reactivate alternator by switching master (both) off and back on. If high volts light comes on again, flight should be terminated and malfunction inspected. Reserve as much electrical power as possible.