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psyc*1000 exam w/textbook > emotion and motivation > Flashcards

emotion and motivation Flashcards

1
Q

what is motivation?

A

a psychological process that directs and maintains behaviour toward a goal - produced by a state of arousal or tension due to the need to fulfill an unfulfilled need
strive consciously or unconsiously to reduce tension

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2
Q

what is achievement motivation?

A

the drive to perform at high levelsand to accomplish significant goals

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3
Q

what is a drive?

A

a biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something, causing us to seek out what is needed

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4
Q

what is an incentive?

A

stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

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5
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the body’s physiological processes that allow it to maintain internal states in response to the outer environment

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6
Q

what is allostasis?

A

motivation that is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs caused by stress

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7
Q

what is achievement motivation? what are the two types of goals that correspond?

A

the dirve to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals
* approach goal: pleasant incentive that a person is drwan towards (e.g. praise, money, satisfaction)
* avoidance goal: an attempt to avoid an un pleasant outcome (e.g. shame, losing money, pain)

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8
Q

what is self-determination theory?

A

an individual’s ability to achive their goals and attain psychological well-being is influenced by the degree to which they are in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals

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9
Q

what is self efficacy?

A

an individual’s confidence that he or she can plan and execute a course of action to solve a problem

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10
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic motives

A

intrinsic : being internally motivated
extrinsic : being motivated by outside factors - towrard gaining or avoiding something

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11
Q

what is amotivational?

A

having little to no motivation to perform behaviour

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12
Q

what is affiliation motivation?

A

the need to be with others
* feel aroused when feeling threatened, anxious, celebratory and want to be with people
* importance of social bonds for survivial evolutionary

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13
Q

what are motives?

A

a stimulus that moved a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a goal
the needs and desires that drive behaviour

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14
Q

what are biological motives? what are social motives

A

Biological
* * hunger
* thirst
* sex
* sleep
* excretory

Social
* order
* achievement
* play
* autonomy
* affiliation

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15
Q

how do motives differ?

A

differ in numerous ways, whether they are:
* conscious or unconsious
* high vs low urgency
* positive vs negative
* intrisic vs extrinsic
* rational vs emotional

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16
Q

how does the biological motive of hunger work?

A

internal cues depend on blood glucose levels which stimulates hunger
external cues (sight & smell, others eating) triggers hunger
environmental factors influence (avaliability, preference, habits, stress)
* hypothalamus controls hunger (one part signals when time to eat and other signals when full) and regulates apetite

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17
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

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18
Q

what is satiation?

A

point in meal when no longer motivated to eat

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19
Q

what is unit bias?

A

tendency to assume that portioning is right amount to consume

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20
Q

how does social context impact eating?

A
  • social facilitation: eating more
  • impression management: eating less
  • modelling: eating whatever other person eats
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21
Q

what is obesity?

A

a disorder of positive energy balance in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

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22
Q

what is anorexia nervosa?

A

eating disorder
* involved self-starvation, fear of weight gain, dissatisfaction with body, denial of consequences of very low body weight

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23
Q

what is bulimia nervosa?

A

eating disorder characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge-eating, and pruging

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24
Q

what is libido?

A

the motivation for sex and pleasure

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25
Q

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what are the types of sexual selection?

A

intrasexual selection: members of same sax compete to win opportunity to mate with members of opposite sex
intersexual selection: members of one sex select a mating partner based on their desirable traits

26
Q

what are the psychological influences of sex?

A

pleasure, emotions, insecurity, goals

27
Q

what is the sexual response cycle?

A

phases of physiological change during sexual activity, comprising of 4 primary stages
* excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
* mens and women’s differ
refractory period: time needed during which eretion and orgasm are not physically possible - men experience but some women can go multiple orgasms withoout experiencing

28
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus signal release in sexual activity?

A

oxytocin
hormone related to feelings of trist and desire to be close to someone

29
Q

what is sexual orientation?

A

consistent pref. for sexual relations with members of opposite sex, same sex, either sex, etc.
* testosterone and prenatal exposure said to be biological factor

30
Q

define transgender?

A

mismatch between gender identity and biological sex

31
Q

what are sexual scripts?

A

set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of men and women

32
Q

what is sex guilt?

A

negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour

33
Q

what is the role of testosterone?

A

hormone involved in development of sex characteristsics and the motivation for sexual behaviour

34
Q

what is drive reduction theory?

A

theory that proposes that certain drive motivates individuals to act in ways that minimize aversive traits
* attemping to maintain level of psychologcial homeostatis
* source of motivation lies within person
BIOLOGICAL INTERNAL MOTIVATION - BOUND BY HOMEOSTASIS

35
Q

how does a drive emerge?

A

when homeostasis becomes distrubed/not in equilibrium, a drive emerges
* emergence of drive creates motivation to satisy need and reduce drive to restore homeostasis

36
Q

what is the incentive theories? what is the push vs pull theory

A

proposes that indivudals are often motivated by positive goals and that incentives can motivate behaviour
motivation comes from the environment around you
* intrinisc - internal goals bc of passion
* extrinsic: external goals
Push vs Pull theory
* internal states of tension push people in certain directions
* external stimuli pull people in certain directions
ENVIRONMENTAL MOTIVATION - OUTSIDE FACTORS

37
Q

what is humanistic theory/maslow’s heirarchy of needs?

A

humanistic theory acknologes that people are also motivated by social/person desires or personal growth and these needs can outweigh the drive to meet basic needs
willing to tolerate tension (pain, hunger, etc) to achieve their artistic/political/personal goals

heirarchy of needs - needs arranged in order of urgency; lower levels must be satisfied before higher ones
* physiolgical needs lowest
* self-actualization needs highest
maslow thought striving to do/be meaningful is essential in human life

38
Q

how do humanistic psychologists critique drive reduction theory and incentives theory?

A

state that these theories are too mechanical and fails to account for all human motivation

39
Q

what is self-actualization?

A

point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and accepting human being

39
Q

what is arousal theory? whar is the yerkes-dodson law?

A

*arousal is a level of alterness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the CNS
* optimal level varies with person and activity

yerkes-dodson law: we usually perform most activities best when we are moderately aroused
* challenge: arousal moderately low
* easy: arousal moderately high
perform worse when arousal is too low to too high

40
Q

what is achievement motive? what is atkinson’s theory (1992)

A

achievement motive is the desire to meet some intenalized standard to excellence

atkinson’s theory: the tendceny to prusue achivement depends on numerous factors including
* the strength of motivation to achieve success
* one’s estimate of the porbability of success
* the incentive value of success
prusuit of achievemnt increases as the porbability and incentive value of success increase

41
Q

what are primary drive?

A

states of tension or arousal arising from a biological need
* hunger
* thirst
* sexual desire

42
Q

how is love connected to motivation? what is hatfield and rapson’s theory. what is sternberg’s triangular theory of love?

A

love may be a goal-oriented state in a way that is similar to hunger and sex drives - drive to prusue preferred mated

hatfild & rapson’s theory
* passionate love: powerful physical and emotinal longing for one’s partner
* compasionate love: love marked by sense of deep friendhsip and fondness for one’s partner - tenderness and affection of someone else being in our life

**sternbergs triangular theory of love **
three major elements of consummate love:
* intimacy
* passion
* commitment

43
Q

what are emotions?

A

behaviour with three components
1. a subjective thought/experience (cognitive appraisal)
2. an accompanying pattern of neural activity and physical arousal (physiological arousal)
3. observable behaviorual expression

*brain body reactions to experiences that can be conscous or unconscious *

44
Q

how do emotions affect an individual?

A

shape experience of world and have a pervasive influence throughout life
* effects of emotional reactions can be long lasting or brief, transcontextual or situationally specific

45
Q

what are emotional states

A

transitory states of emotion that depend on the situation rather than on a specific person

46
Q

what are emotional traits?

A

pattern of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences across a variety of life situations

47
Q

are emotions conscious or unconscious? what are the different pathways/roads?

A

emotions are brain body reactions that can be conscious or unconscious depending on the “road” they take

2 pathways for processing fear
low road: unconscious pathway
emotional stimulus -> thalamus sense fear -> amygdala sounds alarm -> emotional response
high road: conscious pathways
emotional stimulus -> thalamus sense fear -> sensory cortex “command central” -> amygdala sounds alarm -> emotional response

unconscious is designed to get person to saftey/acting before being consciously aware

48
Q

how is the autonomic nervous system involved in emotional response?

A

sympathethic division: preps body to respond to stress
* fight, flight, freeze, appease
parasympathetic division: restores body to normal conditions

49
Q

what is the contemporary model of emotion?

A

emotional stimulus -> cognitive appraisal -> arousal, behavior, emotional face/postural expressions, emotional feelings
emotional feelings impact appraisial which impacts everything else

50
Q

how do psychologists view emotions psychologically, behaviourally, and cognitively? How many theories of emotion are there

A

agree that emotions have physiological,
behavioral, and cognitive components but disagree as to how these three components interact.
resulting in 3 different theories of emotion

51
Q

what is the james-lange theory of emotion?

A

the subjective experience of fear follows the physiological response
heart racing -> made you nervous about noise

physiological reactions precede and give rise to emotional experience
event -> physical response -> emotion

52
Q

what is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

A

feelings of emotion occur at the same time as physical arousal
fear and heart racing at same time

emotion provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotional and bodily reaction

53
Q

what is two factor response theory of emotion - schahter and singer?

A

it is our interpretation of why we are aroused that creates the emotional experience
* emotions are a combination of undiferentiated arousal with an attribution/explanation of that arousal
* cognitive aspects play a role

54
Q

what was paul ekman’s research on emotions?

A

there are at least six basic facial expressions that are universally recognized but research shows there is a 7th emotion (contempt)

55
Q

wat is plutchik’s primary and secondary emotions?

A

primary: emotional reactions to a situtation or external event
* precipitating event causes an individual to experience emotion
* 8 primary emotions: anticipation, joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger

secondary: emotional reactions about the feeling itself
* dependent on sense of sense and awareness of others reactions
* combination of primary emotions (e.g. fear + anticipation = anxiety or anger + anticipation = aggression)
* becomes more intense over time and experienced more frequently than the actual event and more long lasting and complex

56
Q

how does culture impact emotions?

A

emotions have similarties among cultures but there are cultural differences that impact emotions
does not influence the emotion itself, rather affects its expression

57
Q

*

what are emotional dialects?

A

variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

58
Q

what are display rules (emotion)

A

the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion and how that emotion should be expressed

59
Q

what is facial feedback hypothesis?

A

suggests that emotional expressions can influence emotional states - in modern interpretations of james-lange theory

psyc*1000 exam w/textbook (6 decks)

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