Emotion & Minne Flashcards
(14 cards)
Vad är en emotion?
Behavioral, physiological, feelings; three components that make up what we mean by an emotion.
Facial expressions
Prosody (i.e., tone of voice)
Posture
Emotion
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Muscle contraction
Respiration
Perspiration
Feeling
Subjective experience
Vad finns för teorier om emotion?
Over time, different theories proposed about how componens interact to create emotion.
Difference between theories:
Stimulus -> fear
James Lange theory of emotion.
Feeling of fear derives from pshysiological reaction in response to a stimuli.
James-Lange theory
Different patterns of bodily changes
code for different emotions
Seeing stimuli will lead to physiological response. You experience fear after associations with phhysiological reactions.
That changes in bodily responses can alter the expeience/intensity.
Cannon-Bard theory
Bodily changes are too slow
and too indistinct to generate distinct emotions
At the time, other theories doubted these physiological responses.
The physiological reaction and feeling fearful occur simultaneously. We feel scared at the same time our body responds. Separate processes that co-occur.
Schachter-Singer
two factor theory
An extension of the 2 prior theories.
Our experience of an emotion is composed of 2 factores.
Physiological bodily response, cognitive label.
Label put on physiological response to put together the emotion of fear.
An activation response. Physiological response interpreted as fear-> fear.
Only at this stage that we experience this,
If we labelled heart rate as connected to happiness - we would feel happy?
Bodily response can (under the right
circumstances) be misattributed to a
different emotion?
Bodily response Similar across different types of emotions. That’s why we need cognitive label to differentiate.
Can misattribute if some physiological response can be connected to other feelings as well.
Testades genom:
patients injected with adrenaline, told either to expect fight or flight or not to.
Those told to expect fight or flight, experienced ..
Those not told: Were more likely to say they experienced joy or anger (strong emotions
Injection is leading them to have some physiological response.
Labelling the response as being related to anger.
Appraisal theories
Dudes: Variations of appraisal theories: Arnold first to talk about it.
You have some thought before you processed the situation. If you think that a stimuli is positive, you’re more likely to have a positive emotion.
The appraisal theory emphatsizes appraisal before emotion processing.
This is an extension of the idea of the patients in the waiting room.
All of the appraisal happens before subjective experiences
Zajonc-Ledoux theory
Emotion emerges quickly. Not possible that the appraisal can take place before everything else.
Argue that some emotions can occur separately from or prikor to appraisal, cognitive label.
But two ways to process: A direct or an indirect pathway.
Emotions that are evolutionary helpful; fear or anger can come before appraisal. Less immediate impact on survival emotions like love; can only occur after appraisal.
(DIRECT) THALOMO-AMYGDALA PATHWAY
* Simple sensory processing that allows for
a rapid fear response if sensory
information signals a threat
Seeing a snake can be processed by brain area; thalamus to amygdala
direct pathway.
Rapid fear response if there is a signalled threat.
When we’re faced with threatening:
need to be able to skip the complex, slow appraisal, cognitive interpretation of what were experiecning, just need to respond to cdanger right awya.
(INDIRECT) THALAMO-CORTICO-
AMYGDALA PATHWAY
* More complex analysis of stimulus that
allows for a slower emotional response
Complex analysis, slower, nuanced emotional response.
Vad har olika hjärnregioner för funktioner?
Triune brain: Which areas are involved in emotion.
Three-fold architecture.
Evolutionary ancient.
This is part of brain that are involved in more primitive, instinctial responses. Cerebellum, brainstem.
Second brain: Mammalian brain: Moderate reptilian;. Hiååocampus, amygdala.
Primate brain. Interface between emotion; planning, etc. top-down control over emotional responses driven by other parts of brain. Perceptions and sensation lead to changes, changes sent to brain, integrated with perception and memory. Integration geenreates emotional responses.
Limbic system: for mammalian brain.
Mclsomething biggest contribution.
These brain system.
The hat upon hat
Reptile brain is only first region, primate brain all. ‘
But today we know brain has not evolved this way.
Some brain structures that play smaller part that mcclain thought.
Long line of research that amygdala is one if not most important.
Important in processing social signals, tone of voice, facial expressions.
Fear conditiong, consolidation of emotional memories.
Hur sker fear detection?
Amygdala believed to have very important role, one central issue in research of emotion is involvement in if some emotions are more important than others.
Testes 2 patients with bilateral amygdala lesions.
Showed pictures of emotional faces. Categorize faces depending on emotion.
Which emotion is this face expressing.
For both patients; categorization. Impaired in correctly categorizing fear, but not as much the other emotions.
Judge face on a scale for all 6 labels.
How happy does this person look, how sad, etc.
Red line: patient ranking how afraid a face looks (it is showing a fearful expression).
This type of deficit is only seen in those who have bilateral damage. In unilateral, these decrease in afraid-ranking is not seen.
Idea of amygdala’s role in fearful emotions in supported by healthy participants.
Measure brain activity: Activity in amygdala when seeing fearful faces. Not some effect when not looking at fearful faces.
The increase in amygdala activation seems to happen even when faces are presented so quickly that the patients aren’t even aware of it.
Backward masking:
Presented with a face; fearful or happy for a very short time; and then a neutral face.
Also have baseline
The neutral face provides a backwards mask onto the face before. Didn’t see fearful or happy. The neutral goes on top of the others.
Participants selected only neutral face. No explicit awareness of having seen the other faces.
Even though activation occurs in amygdala even though we are not aware.
Neutral, fearful or happy faces.
Performing or competing task.
In an alternating manner either told to attent to bars or faces.
Faces then bars
Greater activity in amygdala when patients are attending to faces relative to when they are not attending to faces.
A function of the types of faces.
Appears to be necessary to have attention for the processing of fearful emotions.
Hur sker fear conditioning?
Amygdala is critically involved.
Patient with amygdala response.
Startle response conditioned defense respons developed overtime to threatening stimuli.
Most reliable component: eye blink
Index for startle response in this study
present bursts of loud white noise.
Told that the task was to check ability to remain calm/ignore noise. Remain relaxed throughout the experiment.
Average response: dotted lines. Damage in patients reponse: thick line.
Series of pictures or slides presented in random order. But blue slides were always followed immediately by startling sound like air horn.
Blue slide should become conditioned stimuli.
Measure of fear conditioning: skin konduktans: measurement of electrical characteristic of skin. After they have seen the slides asked questions.
How many color, names of colors or color follwed by a sound.
Magnitude of skin conductance response.
CONTROL
Show increase in skin conductance on blue slides; and better memory on which sound which color
AMYGDALA DAMAGE
Which color with loud sound but no fear conditioned response: skno skin conductance
HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE
Get skin conductance response but no factual repsonse
AMYGDALA +
HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE
Neither conditioned repsonse or memory
Double dissociation between amygdala and hippocmapus
Amygdala som significant role in fear. other brain regions that are alsi important processing and experiencing emotion.
ACC plays important role in ability to subjectively experience emotions.
Much neuroevidence that ACC involved in pain perception. Evidence that ACC is perhaps more related to affective aspects of pain; how unpleasant or distressing the pain was.
Because of that, activity in this region may not only be related to perceptual pain, but also in ability to perceive and empathize with others who experience pain.
Hur uppfattar vi smärta?
Healthy participants showed pictures of
‘Asess the level of pain from the photograph
Perceiving the pain = associated tih increased activity in the ACC. Strongly correlated with participant’s rating with the level of pain they ranked on the scale.
The patient’s reactivity is correlated to the activation in ACC.
Hur kan social exklusion kopplas till smärta?
Subjective experience of social exclusion.
Measure participant’s brain activity while playing virtual game.
One with inclusion, one with exclusion.
Could see 2 guys throwing a frisbee.
One guy was first involved and then he stopped being involved. First have experience of inclusion, then they will begin to exclude you and throw the frisbee between themselves.
Parallelled to pain study. ACC more active during exclusion relative to inclusion. Correlated positively to subjective response to distress;
socail pain/rejection is somewhat analogous to physical pain. The ACC is alerting us about an injure; but to our social connections. We need to take some restorative measures to relieve the pain.
Contemporary contextualization:
ACC divided into dorsal, cognitive, connected to pfc and ventral, affective; connected to amygdala, hippocampus.
Affective; blue; more social exclusion.
2 subdivision monitor conflict in current state: new information with emotional consequences; such as being rejected, the ACC projects the info to the pfc so that we can evaluate the response that are available to us + behavior to regulate situation. How can I get included in the game again?
Hur kan vi koppla till Gage?
This radical change in personality and behavior represents one of the earliest human lesions; effect of damage to pfc. Notion that pfc might be linked to social behavior or personality more generally.
Since Gage more studies on pfc lesion; to vmpfc - patients have sever impairments in personal and social decision making. Actions, choices, remarkably different form the one s before damage.
Lead to negatvie consequences; don’t learn from mistakes.
Very poor ability to expess appropriate emotion in a given situation. Tend to act a bit wild.
This combination of impairments: led to somatic markers
PATIENTS WITH DAMAGE TO VMPFC
- Chosen actions are often maladaptive (e.g., lead
to financial losses or losses in social standing)
- Chosen actions are different from choices made
prior to damage
- Unable to learn from previous mistakes (e.g.,
repeated engagement in decisions that lead to
negative consequences)
Hur kan vi koppla somatic markers till emotion?
From body to brain.
Emotional brain states. Overtime the brain states and correspoding body reaction. …
Damasio argues that tehse somatic codes are processed in vmpfc: help us make decision on basis of emotion. Can use markers to anticipate emotional outcome of some action we’re about to take.
Allow us to navigate
When we need to take a decision: what to do with life.
Asess consequences cognitively and emotionally.
When faced with conflicting choices we might be unable to make decision
- can use somatic markers to predict emotional outcome of choice,; how will I feel if I do this instead of that.
Information from the body
Information form the body - interacts with brain
Will bias one choice over another.
If associated with a cnosequence, will make us that this decision is not right.
Damasio developed the IOWA gambling task:
- In the task, participants are presented with decks of cards. Try to win as much money as possible, get an immediate reward.
Cannot predict when there’ll be gain or loss as well as when the game will end.
We are taught to develop some subliminal awareness of which cards are penalty cars.
Ask healthy participants as well has damage to vmpfc.
PArticipants asked about conceptual/conscious knowledge of decks.
Also measured skin conductance; index of somatic marker, anticipatory, physiological response.
After a few losses, healthy patients began to generate greater skn conductance to bad decks before they selected a card there. Didn’t have a good understanding of good/bad decks. But some alarm clock. At about 50 selection, they started feeling the hunch, generated skin conductance.
MVPFC patients didnät reach it.
Healthy reached conceptual knowledge that deck 1,2 bad. Figured out which were good choices, which were bad.
Damage; didn’t get the same hunch. Continued to choose bad deck even after reaching conceptual stage. Didn’t have early skin conductance response. Healthy participants, their bias guide.
PFC is not necessarily processing emotion.
Somatic marker hypothesis: pfc is acting as a convergence zone; emotions and cognition combine to guide or inhibit behavior in decision making.
Vad har emotioner för roll i minne?
Memory persistence: Unwanted recollection of memories that we want to forget.
Poor symptom: suffer from intrusive memories that repeatedly come to mind, following a traumatic experience.
Presence of ptsdrelated to very emotional experience. TElls us abotu emptoin and memory.
Flashbulb minnen:
Another evdicne of relation between emotion and memory
Hgh, vivid memory for intensely engaging evidence. Hearing abiut the news of a near relative, or a celebrity,
9/11 attacks
Death of JFK
Can remember detailed events related to this main event.
Why certain moment become flashbulb memories. High level of surprise and emotional reactions/arousal.
Sp surprising and emotional that it becomes a flashbulb memory. Not necessarily the memory for the event that is enhanced.
It is more about the memory for the ciscumstances when we hear about the event.
Flashbulb memory:
Not memory for event, but memory for the
circumstances in which one heard about
the event
- Where you were
- What you were doing
- Who told you
- How it affected you
- What was the aftermath
where we were, what we were doing and how the situation affected us.
Now print theory: some mechanism that issues a print order when we experience something significant. Prints all the info immediately preceding and following the event (now know this isnät the case)
Don’t get significance immediately. Our interactions with people and own reflections of event affects the formation of a flashbulb memory. Not as accurate as we think they are.
1986 - Challenger disaster
Morning after: researchers had 100 students come in and write about how they heard about the news, what were they doing, who told them, what did they do after.
2 years later they returned and were asked the same questions again + a confidence rating.
Distribution of accuracy scores 2 years later - 50% right on one major attributes.
Only 2 people got everything right again.
Distribution of confidence rates.
Where you were, what you were doing, who told you. Most people
Boxes with 0; got 0 right.
No systematic connection between confidence levels and accuracy score.
Findings like this: flashbublb memories not special: only in perceived accuracy.
Next study record how they remembered 9/11. Tested 1 week later, 6 weeks, 32 weeks. Consistency. both decline.
number of consistent details reelative to orignial description. Doesn’t matter if they are perceived flashbulbs or every day memories.
Their belief in the accuracy: different. everyday difference: ratings of vividness and accuracy declining more rapidly with everyday memories. Our confidence in the accuracy more affected/differentiated.
This suggest that emotional links seem to have some effect during encoding.
Why we think people remember emotional stimuli better, because we think there are specific neural or hormonal processes during consolidation.
Consolidation process takes some time to complete: the observed effect of emotion should be more
the longer from event, the more emotion
Memory enhancement for emotionally arousing words relative to neutral words with delay. Not same if neutral stimuli.
Damage to medial temporal love: amygdala & hippocampus; don’t show this enhancement.
So amygdala plays critical role in emotional memory
Hur reagerar amygdala till emotionella stimulin
Peak in slide no. 7 - surgical repair of leg. Most emotionally arousing picture.
Questions regarding that slide were better remember than other ones.
For amygdala damage, the patients didn’t have better memory for most emotionally arousing picture, showed more of recency effect.
PET measurements: Inject patients before the view a film.
Blobs are measure of glucose metabolism: something is happening here: consuming more clucose than other regions. Some activity in amygdala during emotionally arousing; not in neutral.
In healthy participants: View various pictures fro highly negative pictures to neutral.
View images, immediately after indicate how emotionally arousing they found the pictures.
not at all- extremely
Degree/rating correlated with activity in amygdala as they were viewing the picture.
Pictures rated as 3 induced greatest activation in amygdala.
As a 2nd step, return weeks later.
Asked whether theyd seen a picture before or not.
If they remember seeing it (with certainty) or if they have a familiarity and forgotten ones
Better for the ones that were rated highly emotionally intense, not as well remembered for those that were not as emotionally intense.
Amygdala activity correlation and memory for picture: increases with ratings on emotional intensity. Better memory associated with more amygdala activation.
Pictures rated 0-2 not significant to amygdala activation. But significant for rated 3.
Amygdala activity predicitve of memory, but only for those rated 3.
Salience of effects.
Vad är amygdalas funktion i konsolidering av minnen
Amygdala primary orchestrator.
Without working amygdala, this emotional enhancing effect won’t be active.
Emotional enhancing effect is based on stress hormone systems. Emotional memory related to hormone activation; stress, adrenalin; that may work to enhance consolidation.
McGaugh: Amygdala plays key role between memory and stress hormone.
While consolidation itself can be initiated for memory.
The concurrent release of cortisol, or adenralin in basolateral amygdala, helps consolidation as it gives it an extra boost, aera becomes more active.
Much of this has background in rodents but also in humans.
Can decrease memory enhancing effect if given a betaenergic (beta-blockers) that stops binding in amygdala.
Presented people with 12 slides; split into three phases.
Given a placebo or a betablocker before seeing the slides, then tested a week later.
Mean rating of emotionality immediately after seeing the slide.
No matter what drug given, the arousing slides led to increased ratings of slides.
However, memory for phases: those given placebos have better memory for emotional scene, those given beta blockers didn’t have memory enhancement. 1 week later.
Orange bar: beta blockers.
Beta blocker group more similar to people with amygdala damage.
Beta blockers similar to damage to amygdala damage.
Amygdala is thereby likely mediator of emotional enhancement of memory.
Participants view a sequence of nouns. Each list contains an aversive noun and a noun with another font.
2 odd balls relative to every other noun.
P to control for non-emotional odd ball
Again, given betablocker or placebo.
after encoding session, did recognition memory test. Have I seen this before?
Half of the words presented during recognition real.
If word rpesented: yes : Hit
If word presented: no: Miss
Signal detection theory
Brain activity during successful encoding.
Those that were hits relative to the misses.
Activation greater for placebo than for betablocker
Mean brain activity for each of the events betetr for remembered words than for forgotten words in placebo group.
Some effect on emotionality on early steps of encoding.
Important for ability to remember events.
Some emotional learning takes places in amygdala
AMygdala projects to mtemporal lobe, hippocampus, and neocortex
HPA axis feeds back on amygdala..
These things make emotional memories highly memorable
Hur kan PTSD kopplas till emotion och minne?
Diagnostic criteria
* Exposure to a traumatic event
* Persistent re-experiencing of the traumatic event
(e.g., flashback, nightmares)
* Persistent avoidance of reminders of the event (e.g.,
inability to talk about the event, avoidance of things
and/or discussions that triggers flashbacks)
* Persistent symptoms of heightened arousal (e.g.,
difficulty falling/staying asleep, anger,
hypervigilance)
* Duration of symptoms most be more than 1 month
* Significant impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning.
Bodily injure, threat of injure to oneself or someone else.
about 5-10%
higher in risk-group populations: firefighters, etc.
Diagnostic criteria:
- Persistent reexperiencing of traumatic event.
Hightened arosual or reactivity exhibited after being exposed to trauma.
-
Stress respons
Symptoms of ptsd are thought to represent behavioral manifestation.
IN brain function or strucure.
HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system.
When faced with something stress inducing or dangerous, release CRH which causes pituitary to release ACTH which makes adrenal glands release adrenaline and cortisol into blood stream.
induces changes in sympathetic nervous system. Triggers a fight or flight response.
Obserevd in ptsd - chronically elevated levels of these stress hormones. On cognitive level higher vigilance,,,
short term important coping with acute threats,
Long term: constant state of arousal alertness not good.
Startle reflex test in ptsd patients: hightened reactivity to startling or threatening stimuli.
Heightened reactivity?
Participants with ptsd had increased activity in ACC. When asked to generate mental images of a war related event or scene
Particiapntas had increased activity in amygdala when generating pictures in head in comparison to just seeing pictures of war.
INcreased activity Not seen in healthy brains when generating pictures in brain.
Vad är Dual Representation theory
Two different operations.
VAM system - declarative representations connected to episodic context. Want to retrieve - retrieve it. (open)
SAM (S-REPS)
- Low level
representation
- Contains sensory and
affective details
Formation of memory requires both c-reps and s-reps. Some connection between the two.
Both episodic and sensory (neocortex)
VAM (C-REPS)
- Declarative representation
- Contains episodic
content/context
Traumatic effect on amygdala & hippocampus
Increased in amygdala and decreased activity in hippocampus as a function of suffering ptsd. Strong sensory and weak episodic memory.
Memory gets stored in sensory systems and not in episodic. Can be triggered by internal or external cues that are similar to traumatic event because it gets disconnected from originial episodic context. Sensory similarities to event can trigger the event; it lost its episodic context. Can relive it in a different context.
Retrieval of complete
representation given a
partial input/cue
Production of non-
overlapping
representations from
similar overlapping
input
Most models:
can be recalled through pattern completion
Alongside pattern completion there is pattern separation. Disambiguate between two or more similar events.
Allows us to form distinct or non overlapping events from or daily life.
ptsd = impaired ability to distinguish or store distinguished representations that are similar but distinguished events.
Campfire: sensory/perceptual similarity to war.
healthy brain can encode it as a safe event, separated from other events
PTSD: fails to differ between the events. Generalisation of past experiences to new experiences
Exposure to war, abuse, associated with reduction in hippocampal volume.
In veterans with combat trauma, and ptsd; selective decrease in hippocampus in CA3 and DG; areas associated with process of pattern distinguishing.
