Emotion, mood, learning, memory

Question 1

3 neuromodulatory systems

Answer 1

1. serotonin (5-HT)
2. dopamine
3. acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 2

which part of the brain releases serotonin

Answer 2

raphe nuclei

Question 3

how are raphe neurons activated

Answer 3

by novel, unexpected, but innocuous sensory stimuli

Question 4

what is serotonin involved in

Answer 4

arousal and the control of sleep-wake cycles

Question 5

where is dopamine produced

Answer 5

substantia nigra

Question 6

dopamine function

Answer 6

movement initiation

Question 7

disease related to lack of dopamine

Answer 7

Parkinson’s disease

Question 8

what happens when dopamine reaches the frontal lobes

Answer 8

provides “reward” and reinforces adaptive behaviors

Question 9

how can dopamine be activated artificially

Answer 9

electrical stimulation of ventral tegmental area

Question 10

how is dopamine related to ADD? what does this suggest?

Answer 10

increasing dopamine and norepinephrine with Ritalin improve ADD
- suggests these NTs play a role in selective attention

Question 11

acetylcholine functions (2)

Answer 11

1. supply to frontal lobes and hippocampus is important in memory
2. supply to thalamus and striatum for movement initiation

Question 12

2 disorders associated with depleted Ach

Answer 12

1. Alzheimer’s

2. Parkinson’s

Question 13

limbic system

Answer 13

ancient part of brain with many homeostatic functions

Question 14

7 functions of limbic system

Answer 14

1. body temperature
2. water balance
3. appetite, metabolic rate, growth
4. sex drive, menstrual cycle, birth reflexes
5. emotional behavior
6. motivation and reward
7. memory

Question 15

what is the command center of the limbic system

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

hypothalamus

Answer 16

“head nucleus of the ANS”

Question 17

6 things resulting from stimulation of hypothalamus

Answer 17

1. thirst
2. anorexia
3. bulimia
4. sexual behavior
5. rage
6. pleasure

Question 18

which part of hypothalamus senses blood osmolarity

Answer 18

supraoptic nuclei

Question 19

which part of hypothalamus secretes ADH

Answer 19

posterior pituitary

Question 20

ADH

Answer 20

vasopressin that increases water reabsorption in kidney collecting tubules

Question 21

3 causes of depression

Answer 21

1. genetic predisposition
2. stressful life events
3. last biochemical imbalance

Question 22

which chemicals are particularly related to depression

Answer 22

serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine

Question 23

4 chemical treatments for depression

Answer 23

1. tricyclics
2. monoamine oxidase inhibitors
3. SSRI’s
4. lithium

Question 24

tricyclics

Answer 24

non-selective biogenic amine re-uptake inhibitors

Question 25

MAO inhibitors

Answer 25

non-selective biogenic amine breakdown inhibitors

Question 26

SSRI

Answer 26

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

Question 27

what is lithium specifically used for

Answer 27

manic-depressive disorders

Question 28

lithium

Answer 28

affects second messenger system and cell membranes

Question 29

is depression tightly correlated with biogenic amine levels

Answer 29

no, long-lasting changes in cell membrane receptors channels are also implicated

Question 30

how is drug dependence created

Answer 30

drugs that affect limbic reward centers can produce dependence

Question 31

tolerance

Answer 31

chronic use of a drug leads to upregulation of enzymes that break down the drug

Question 32

associative learning

Answer 32

conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 33

non-associative learning

Answer 33

sensitization or habituation to a repeated stimulus

Question 34

operant conditioning

Answer 34

associate a behavior with a reward

Question 35

3 types of learning

Answer 35

1. associative learning 2. non-associative learning 3. operant conditioning

Question 36

hypothesized mechanism of short-term memory

Answer 36

cyclical electrical activity in neural circuits

Question 37

hypothesized mechanism of long-term memory

Answer 37

molecules changes in neuronal cell membranes and synapses

Question 38

3 types of working memory

Answer 38

1. episodic 2. visuo-spatial 3. phonological

Question 39

phonological memory

Answer 39

recent words and sounds

Question 40

visuo-spatial memory

Answer 40

recent sights and locations

Question 41

2 types of long-term memory (and 4 sub-types)

Answer 41

1. declarative - a) semantic - b) episodic 2. procedural - c) stimulus-response behaviors - d) motor skills

Question 42

where is short-term episodic memory located

Answer 42

frontal and parietal lobes

Question 43

where is phonological memory located

Answer 43

temporal lobe

Question 44

where is visuo-spatial memory located

Answer 44

occipital lobe

Question 45

where is declarative memory located

Answer 45

temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala

Question 46

where is procedural memory located

Answer 46

basal ganglia, cerebellum

Question 47

where does transfer from STM to LTM occur

Answer 47

likely in temporal lobes | - reward system involving hypothalamus is also implicated

Question 48

caudate nucleus function

Answer 48

consolidating stimulus-response associations

Question 49

Korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 49

complete anterograde amnesisa due to hippocampus damage

Question 50

Alzheimer's disease

Answer 50

degeneration of memory-holding neurons due to amyloid precursor proteins causing "excitotoxicity"

Question 51

simplified explanation of Alzheimer's

Answer 51

neurons damaged by over-excitation

Question 52

3 neuronal mechanisms

Answer 52

1. reverberating circuit 2. molecular change 3. synapse strengthening

Question 53

reverberating circuit

Answer 53

neural circuit "holds" a memory by continual cyclical activation

Question 54

molecular change

Answer 54

2nd messengers change gene expression of proteins in the cell membrane, to change the neuron's responsiveness to "search and recall" signals

Question 55

2 examples of 2nd messenger molecules

Answer 55

1. nitric oxide | 2. cGMP

Question 56

how are 2nd messengers activated

Answer 56

when an event input is associated with a relevant context input

Question 57

synapse strengthening

Answer 57

2nd messengers change gene expression at output synapses, causing permanent structural alterations in them, which increase neuron output