Emotional+social Flashcards
(27 cards)
Jamesian theory
- William james’s theory
- Two factor theory
- Facial feedback hypothesis
William james’s theory
Experience of emotion> expression
Emotion can be reproduced
Some activity+ some posture/ behaviour= certain emotion
Two factors theory
Physiological lack of specificity
Physiology response cannot represent every emotion
Physiological arousal 生物煥醒
1. Motivate ppl to seek explain of arousal
Why wui gum?
Reason of arousal could be mistakenly found
Facial feedback hypothesis
Facial muscle send feedbacks to somatosensory cortex
Humanistic theory
Human’s needs are higher levels
Maslow hierachy of needs
Physiology—> safety—>social—> self esteem—> self actualization
Roger person-centred approach
Positive regard is necessary for self-actualization
Society and culture put too much condition to value a person
Short term memory
Long term memory
Short term memory
Only 4 items can be recite
Rehearsal:
Repeat to memorise
Being distracted— easily fade of memory
From sensory memory
Small capacity, short time
Chunking to group information
Long term memory
1. Encoding memory to form long term memory
2.very large capacity
3. Very long duration
Accessing long term memory
1. Stimuli that assist you to search particular memory
Recall: reproduce the previous acquired information
Recognition:
Recognition:
Identify/ realization of stimuli being exposed before
Like MC
Easier than recall
Level of processing : more operation on the material—> more solid memory
Sensory memory
By vision
Large capacity
Last 0.5 sec
Helps seeing motion pictures
Working memory
Memory and function of thought and action
Phonological loop
Resource that hold and manipulate speech information
Visual spatial sketchpad
Resource to form mental image of material to be remembered
Central executive
1. Control attention
2.coordinate information from phonological group+ visual spatial sketchpad
Episode buffer
1. Storage system
2. Allow retrieving information from long term memory
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned simulus
Stimulus that trigger a reflexive response without learning
Unconditioned response
A response reflexively without learning
Neutral stimulus
Initially neutral stimulus that don’t have relevant response
Conditioned stimulus
After neutral stimulus associated with unconditioned stimulus, it changed to conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
The response to conditioned stimulus
1.Neutral stimulus paired up with unconditioned stimulus during conditioning
2.Neutral stimulus release similar stimulation as unconditioned stimulus.
3.Neutral stimulus became conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response—> conditioned response
Terms of classical conditioning
Acquisition—when NS is pairing up with US
Extinction— when CS is no longer hooked up with US
Stimulus generalization: when multiple neutral stimulus can involve in a conditioning (different pitch)
Stimulus discrimination
Response differently to two or more similar stimulus
Social psychology
Social belief and judgment
Prejudice & attitude
Social influence
Fundamental attribution error
When we explain someone’s behavior
1.We underestimate the influence if situation
2.We overestimate the extent that reflects the individual’s personality
3. Error still occurs when we know someone’s behaviour is caused by us
Social belief & judgments
1.Fundamental attribution error
2.Self-fulfilling prophecies
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Having expectation on others
We do sth to self defense
Thinking other is aggressive—> act aggressive to protect yourself—> opponent act the same to response
Confirm of expenctation
Prejudice & attitude
Sterotype: belief of someone or a group, it is sometimes overgeneralized and not accurate yet resist to new information
Prejudice: preconceived negative judgment to a group
Discrimination: unjustified negative behaviour to a group or its members
Racial prejudice: feeling less admiration to migrated minorities, reject them for normally nonracial reason
Gender prejudice : stereotype about male & female
Member of steretyped accept stereotype
Sexism: benevolent or hostile
Benevolent: women has more moral sensibility
Hostile: men is immoral,
Major source of prejudice
Unequal status
Less resource from a stronger manager: undermining of performance
Socialization
Ethnocentric people: intolerance to weakness
Submissive respect to their authorities.
Institutional result:
Open policy: isolation policy
Frustration & aggression
When competing few resource
Hate black most geh ppl is closest level as black.
Social identity
Identify: idendifying ourselves in group to gain self- esteem
Compare: compare with others (group) to gain self confidence
Social influence
People adjust their opinions or judgments in order to match the norm of a social group
Why conform? Dual process model
Information influence
1.uncertainty of their opinion
2.difficult tasks
3.little available information
—> look for information
change: public & private opinion changed/ internalised
Normative influence
Certain with opinion
Simple task
Detailed info
—> look for social approval
Change—> compliance
What affect conformity
Group size: 3-5 most firm, 1-2, >5 less.
Unanimity(意見一致）
More cohesion
Status
High more conformity
We dont want to agree low status
Social facilitation (促進）
People perform better in group but only in simple task
Complicated task in group will diminish efficiency
distraction conflict theory
Arousal caused by others appears
Performance of simple task enhanced
Social loafering
When overall strength is less than individual
Someone free-ride from other’s effort
Diffused responsibility when team cannot asses individually,
How to avoid social loafering
1.Evaluating individuals
2. Make the task more challenging
3.make individuals strength necessary
4.increase cohensiveness of a group
Group polarization
Associating with individual sharing similar background/ preference
Why?
More assertive member—more persuasive
Ideas are validated after repeating
Group discussion gather ideas— favor to dominant a pov
Cultural influence
Individualism vs collectivism
West vs East
Same syndrome share similar attitude, belief, categorisation, norm, roles and value
Individualism: self is greatly different and seperate from others
Collectivism: self and other’s distinction is unclear
Individualism
Internally giving meaning to self
Our abilities, our personalities
Individualism encourage to actualise and confirm these parts
independent self
Collectivism
Individual is most meaningful when it is related to others: being a care-taker of this family
Collectivism encourage people to adjust and fit into a harmonious group
interdependent self
Collectivism always helpful?
No, in-group and out-group had clear distinct
In-group (relative, friends, family.)
Out-group ( unknown ppl)
Prior to fulfil in-group wellbring
