Emotions

Question 1

What are the Basic Emotions?

Answer 1

• present at birth: interest, distress, disgust, contentment
• emerge when an infant is 2-7 months old: anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and fear

Question 2

What are the Complex Emotions?

Answer 2

• emerges at 2 yrs old
• self-conscious emotions (eg., embarrassment, shame, guilt, envy, pride)
• example: 2 year old snatching a toy

Question 3

What are the Parental Influences?

Answer 3

Behaviours include:
- emotional scaffolding
- praising
- validation
- self-disclosure

Question 4

What are Emotional display rules?

Answer 4

culturally defined rules that outline when specific emotions should be expressed
- starts at age 7

Question 5

What is Emotional Self Regulation?

Answer 5

strategies that exist to help one
manage their emotions and keep them at an appropriate level of intensity

Question 6

What is Social Referencing?

Answer 6

using other people’s emotions as a guide to gauge the emotional atmosphere of a situation
- begin doing this at 7-10 months with parents emotions

Question 7

What is Empathy?

Answer 7

the ability to experience the same emotion that someone else is experiencing
- become good at this if parents discuss it often

Question 8

What is the Constructivist Approach?

Answer 8

Suggests that emotions are a product of social reality and are culturally different
- develop through contextual social interactions

Question 9

What is Predictive Coding?

Answer 9

• when brain is exposed to environmental contexts (sad movie) it takes the environmental input and the conditions (emotions) change
• Infants aren’t good at processing this change and are still learning, but their learning is guided by language words.

Question 10

What are the Emotional Age Milestones? (3)

Answer 10

1. Age 3 ½: improved ability to recognize and interpret emotional displays of others
2. Ages 4/5: correctly reason happiness, anger, and sadness
3. Ages 8-11:
   - increased ability to recognize facial expressions, particularly sadness
   - Increased understanding that emotions can be related to current AND past events
   - Increased understanding that people react to situations differently
   - Increased understanding that more than one emotion can occur at the same time

Question 11

What is Emotional Competence?

Answer 11

1. Critical to social skills
2. Related to emotional intelligence
   - Difficulties with this often result in a child being rejected by their peers

Question 12

What is Temperament?

Answer 12

• the way a person responds emotionally and behaviourally to events in the environment
• Includes:
  1. Fearful Distress
  2. Irritable Distress
  3. Positive Affect
  4. Activity Level
  5. Attention Span/Persistence
  6. Rhythmicity

Question 13

what is Fearful Distress?

Answer 13

the amount of wariness, distress, and/or withdrawal in new situations or to unique stimuli

Question 14

What is Irritable Distress?

Answer 14

the amount of fussiness and crying when desires aren’t met (also known as frustration and anger)

Question 15

What is Positive Affect?

Answer 15

the amount of smiling and laughing and the level of willingness to approach and work with other individuals

Question 16

What is Activity Level?

Answer 16

The amount of motor activity (specifically kicking and crawling)

Question 17

What is Attention Span/Persistence?

Answer 17

the amount of time a child focuses on interesting objects or events

Question 18

What is Rythmicity?

Answer 18

The predictability of bodily functions like eating and sleeping for example

Question 19

Hereditary Temperament Influences are..

Answer 19

moderately correlated to genetics

Question 20

Shared vs Non Shared Influences

Answer 20

1. Shared environment influences: positive aspects of temperament
   - Smiling, Sociability, Soothability
   - Contribute little to activity levels and negative attributes
   - Siblings are similar her
2. Nonshared environmental (not shared by siblings) influences: negative aspects of temperament
   - Activity level, Irritability, fearfulness
   - Siblings are not similar here
   - Parents tend to notice these differences and adjust accordingly

Question 21

Cultural (Eastern vs Western) Influences

Answer 21

Shy children in Western cultures
- Disadvantaged socially
- Risk being rejected and/or neglected by peers
- May fail to act boldly or assertively later in life

Shy children in Eastern cultures
- Perceived to be socially mature by teachers
- More popular with peers compared to assertive children

Question 22

What is Stability? (2)

Answer 22

1. Components of stable temperament
   - Activity level
   - Irritability
   - Sociability
   - Fearfulness
2. Behavioural inhibition: a tendency to withdraw from the unfamiliar (i.e., people or situations)

Question 23

What are the Temperament and Development Types (4)

Answer 23

1. Easy (40%; most common in the study): even-tempered, positive mood,
   open and adaptable. Predictable and regular habits.
2. Difficult (10% in the study): active, irritable, and have irregular habits. React vigorously to changes in routine and very slow to adapt to new people or situations.
3. Slow-to-Warm-Up (15% in the study): inactive, somewhat moody, slow to adapt to new people and situations. They do respond to new things in mildly negative ways (e.g., looking away when resisting cuddling)
4. Unique (35% in the study): a category that didn’t fit the other

Question 24

What is the Goodness of fit model?

Answer 24

the notion that better development. occurs when parenting is adapted to a child’s temperament
- This goes both ways as the child’s temperament can impact the parent’s wellbeing, which in turn can impact the child’s temperament