Emotions midterm 2 Flashcards
(36 cards)
Dopamine
Shiota and colleagues argue that dopamine is the foundation of positive emotions.
Dopamine release and activation in the nucleus accumbens increase in response to pleasure food, opportunity for sex, and conditioned neutral stimuli that have been repeatedly paired with food, sex, or rewarding drugs.
nucleus accumbens (NAC)
part of the reward pathway in the brain; located in forebrain just beneath prefrontal cortex.
it is rich in dopamine and opioid neurotransmitter pathways and has long been thought central to the experience of positive effect.
Edward Muybridge
Damage to orbitofrontal cortex
Trouble with empathy and coldness.
GABA and Serotonin
They both inhibit the activation of the emotion systems.
GABA’s big role in the body is to reduce the activity of neurons in the brain and central nervous system, which in turn has a broad range of effects on the body and mind, including increased relaxation, reduced stress, a more calm, balanced mood, alleviation of pain, and a boost to sleep.
Low serotonin levels have been linked to depression.
It is believed to help regulate mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory, and sexual desire and function.
Old”/Mammalian brain
the limbic system developed to support emotions that allow for mammals’ increasing solidarity.
Study: when large parts of the limbic system in wild monkey were removed, the wild monkeys, normally aggressive, would become docile, hypersexual, disinhibited and approach everything without fear.
Difference between Awe in interdependent culture and independent culture
interpersonal in china and more self-focused in US
What does oxytocin do?
It is a neuropeptide for trust, good will.
It is involved in the lactation, maternal bonding, and sexual interaction, care. Blocking oxytocin prevents maternal behavior, empathy, generosity, gaze at the faces and memory for faces.
In primate, injections of oxytocin have led to increases in the frequency of touching and watching infants and decreases in aggressive yawns and facial threats.
It is produced in the hypothalamus and released into both the brain and blood stream.
Oxytocin
Reduce the pain responses.
When it is injected into the brain of rodents, distress vocalizations associated with mammalian separation and grief are dramatically reduced.
Opioids
What do Opioids do
Opioids are involved during experience of savoring and liking things. It also reduced Panic and associated feelings of sadness, distress, and loneliness.
Traumatic injury patient studies
Trauma leads to the diminished activity of the higher regions of the brain, thus releasing the lower from inhibition.
It is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
A second family of neurochemicals in the brain. Many of these are peptides, or sequences of amino acids, which influence the activation of neurotransmitters.
neuromodulators/ neuropeptides
They are small protein-like molecules used by neurons to communicate with each other. They are neuronal signalling molecules that influence the activity of the brain and the body in specific ways.
Neuropeptides
Are released from the synapses of neurons and diffuse in million of seconds across the tiny synaptic gaps between cells to activate or inhibit receiving neurons.
Neurotransmitters
A way of regulating emotions, which results in increased blood pressure and reduces rapport; habitual practicers of this are more vulnerable to depression.
Emotion suppression
Assumptions of the constructivist perspective
First, emotions do not fall into discrete categories.
Second, emotions are based on core affect, based on a primary appraisal dimension of goodness or badness, with an orthogonal dimension of energization or lassitude.
What is Constructivist perspective?
William James thought that emotions are perceptions of inner physiological processes so that there are many ways of experiencing and talking about them.
What is experience sampling?
It is a self report scale that measures tendencies toward global positive and negative moods, distinct positive emotions like awe, love, and compassion.
What are Adjective checklists?
Sets of adjectives that are synonyms of emotions and moods.
Cultural variations in language of emotion
Cultures vary in the number of words that represent emotions that vary extensively across cultures.
Researchers have identified 2000 emotion-related words in English, 750 in Taiwanese, 58 in Ifaluk in Polynesia, and 8 in the Chewong of Malaysia. These are words to describe: anger, fear, happiness, sadness and disgust.
Why do people have less words to describe their emotions?
It is associated with being less aware of emotions, a paucity of fantasies, and a cognitive style oriented to outside events rather than to the inner world.
people who have a narrower language of emotion, which means having a few words for emotions.
Alexithymia
Component Process Model
We evaluate events in a sequence of appraisals. There is an unfolding of emotion as a function of specific appraisal components and emotional-related response.
understanding emotion is that people vary in their emotional appraisals and responses.
