Emotions Theories Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
What is emotions
A
Emotions are made up of 4 characteristics including subjective feelings of happiness, anger, sadness etc
2
Q
What’s an issue with emotions
A
It can be maladaptive an go wrong and effect behaviour in the wrong way and can have excessive emotions
-e.g phobia Depression PTSD-anxiety and fear Drug addiction Obesity
3
Q
What are the 4 characteristics of emotion?
A
- subjective feeling
- changes in cognition
- behavioural responses
- physiological responses -autonomic and hormonal
4
Q
What are the biological basis of emotions
A
4 characteristics
5
Q
Example of 4 characteristics during emotional fear
A
- feeling of fear
- enhances memory and attention so more likely remember things that anxiety provoking than mundane
- run away, freeze or facial expression
- increases heart rate, increases blood pressure pupil size and respiratory rate
6
Q
Why do we study fear
A
Because it is easy to access
Because most infor provides
Easy study in animals
Understand responses -e’g rats Nd freezing response
7
Q
Why do we have emotions
A
Emotions are provoked by biologically significant stimuli and are adaptive for our benefit of survival to pass on genes and increase gene pool
-benefits in physiological and behaviour responses
- Find food mate and water
- Avoid danger
- Signal intent to other via facial expressions
8
Q
What is the relationship between emotional responses and subjective feeling
A
That biological responses if look at biological mechanisms can tell us info about biological mechanisms of the feelings
9
Q
What are the 6 core emotions
A
Happiness sadness angry fear disgust surprise
10
Q
How are emotions expressed
A
Via facial expression
11
Q
What do emotions do in reference to responses
A
Make pattern of responses that are Behavioural and physiological
12
Q
What do he theories have for implication on real world
A
Use for lie detectors as rely on peripheral responses
We can not control peripheral response so can see when indiviL lies but using polygraph t detect sweating
13
Q
What does the theories of emotion attempt to explain
A
- emotions is not just a sense of subjective feeling it also made up of many other factors including behavioural and physiological responses
- linked biological responses with subjective feelings
- explains the statement the man runs away, he is afraid
14
Q
The man runs away he is afrai statement explained
A
- The man runs away because he is afraid
- He is afraid because he runs away
- Neither above
The theories explain 2 and 3 only
15
Q
How do we acquire fear ?
A
We learn to fear something
- socially learned e,g through our parents and siblings we learn to be afraid of spiders
So children learning will drive emotions in adulthood
-thus we do not have innate fears we learn them and potentially learn other emotions
-Watson and raynor and little Albert - we can directly learn to fear via our own experience
Afraid of anything white and fluffy
16
Q
What did james Lang state
A
Stimulus -> perception -> peripheral responses->interpretation -> emotion
- peripheral responses and bodily manifestation will trigger an emotion to be felt
- the man will see the snake and is perceived as a snake so activates repertoire of patterns for peripheral responses causes us to realise we are in state of fear
17
Q
What does James Lange theory state about patterns of responses
A
We can determine specific emotions because of specific patterns each emotion derives from an experience
- fear =adrenaline
- anger=noradrenaline
18
Q
What does the james Lange theory state about why it is true
A
- Wouldn’t make sense if not for our survival- have to be quick so respond and survive to reproduce and pass on genes - so optimal solution if quicker than emotional feeling
- Evolutionary speaking not the same so wouldn’t makes sense that it differs
- We can feel these physiological responses such as increased rate which tells us we are feeling anxious
19
Q
Counter argument for cannon Bard counter argument
A
- James Lang never said all subjective feeling depend on visceral responses only said all peripheral responses
- James Lange never said the behaviour of fear is dependent on peripheral responses but only the feeling of fear this it doesn’t matter if the dog felt showed reduce fear because not direct evidence that reduce feeling of fear as it’s only an inference … if could ask the dog in some way then good evidence
- Adrenaline evidence only uses 1 aspect of peripheral response and not Multiple which is required for the subjective feeling
20
Q
What does the cannon bard theory state
A
The man runs away and he is afraid at the same time
- when the stimulus is perceived it activates the peripheral responses and the subjective feelings in parallel
- if anything emotion influences peripheral responses
- overall there is no cause and effect between the peripheral response and the subjective feeling
21
Q
What does the Schacter singer two factor cognitive labelling theory state ?
A
- Takes Bits from the jl theory and the cannon bard theory
- agree that the peripheral responses does activate emotions (first factor) but does not tell us what emotion to feel so not reliant on the patterns of responses
-suggest that cognive process depends on context to tell us what we are feeling
22
Q
The diargram for cannon bard
A
Stimuli->perception->peripheral responses whilst I’m parallel~with emotions
23
Q
Diagram for schacter singer theory
A
Stimulus>perception>peripheral responses>emotion>interpretation ~context >emotion that specific
24
Q
What is the evidence for the schacter singer two factor cognitive labelling theory
A
Participants were given a shot of adrenaline and told it was suspicion a vitamin supplement
- some food feel physiological responses and some not
- those who expected it did not feel anything and those who didn’t did feel something
- adrenaline created peripheral responses that told our brain we should experience an emotion and they participants searched in the environment to tell us what we should feel
- those with euphoric actor said felt happy those with agitated actor said felt angry
25
Statement about 6 core emotions
All humans experience these emotions so question is does non humans experience it and do they experience the same and express the same facial expression for them
26
What are the fun facts about the amygdala
It is involved in learning memory and emotional processing and facial expressions
27
Recognition of emotions
Social process in social situation to recognise and communicate facial expression
- requires someone to produce the emotion and someone to recognise it
- two separate process biological mechanisms in different areas of brain
- e.g to produce facial expression requires the movement of muscles and to recognise expression requires visual system
28
What other ways can emotions be expressed
Facial expression do not operate in isolation work with tone and posture and voice to signal emotions
-this is because sometimes it is hard to recognise the emotion from just the facial expression
29
What did Calder et al state
That emotions facial expression are easily identifiable but if on continuum sometimes it is hard to distinguish
30
What do unconscious facial expressions reflect
Refelect our internal emotional state that we have no control over
31
Neural basis of facial expression explain volitional facial paresis
Where patients have damage to motor cortext and damage connection between 2 neurons
- involves in controlling muscle
- cannot voluntarily smile but can unconsciously
32
Neural basis of facial expression- explain emotional facial paresis
- where damage to prefrontal cortex and the thalamus region- that connects the pfc and the hindbrain
- cannot unconsciously smile but can consciously
33
What does emotional facial paresis suggest about the amygdala
No damage to amygdala so must not be involved in production of facial expression that are unconscious let alone conscious
34
What evidence suggest the amygdala is involved in recognition of facial expression
1.damage to the amygdala e.g patients with urbath wether disease show inability to recognise grad faces
- but doesn’t prevent recognise fear in other signal like tone and voice
- does not impair ability to recognise other emotional expression
- could question that surly if amygdala is involve in recognising fear then stay damaged other signal so must be other factors and structures involved not just amygdala
2. Evidence form fmri scans show fearful expression when presented activates the amygdala
- leas evidence for other emotional expression
3. We know amygdala works unconsciously and so does recognising faces evident from blindsight children and intact children brain show image quickly not enter Cos koi’s brain
- showing brain can recognise Faces unconsciously and automatically so makes sense work together
2.
35
But is the amygdala necessary for recognition ??
Evidence show amygdala doesn’t directly affect the ability to recognise rather prevent indivuals from look at the eye of facial expression
- eyes provide the most infor
- trained patients and got correct
36
Is communication of emotions required of the amygdala
Evidence yes from Klüver bucy and weiskrantz study that damage to area results in monkey having less expressive facial expression so important for unconscious expressions for fear
-but not clear for other emotions
37
Explain laterality of the production of facial expression
Laterallity idea that different sides of brain specialises in specific function of that side.
-said left side face more expressive and so right brain is controlling expression
- evidence for this
- animal studies show money smile start of left side and proceed to right
-evidence from human that mirror image of digust face showed left side was more expressive
38
So what importance at looking at emotions and emotional responses
If we look at the biological mechanisms of emotional responses this could provide us more infor into the biological mechanism of emotion and this understand emotions better but they are not the same mechanism !!!!
39
What brain areas are involved in emotion
Emotions is product of the brain
- amygdala and limbic system
- pfc
- pag
40
What evidence shows the brain is involved in emotions
-Klüver bucy evidence and weiskranzt
But also seemed to increases sexual activity
- phinease gage and vpfc
- humans imaging of vpfc involved in activity when happy
So question is are different areas involved in different emotions or are specific areas involved in all emotions
41
What is the limbic system
Is is the edge or around the edge of the corpus collosum
- connect two hemispheres
- identified by broca involved olfactory
- papez said involved in emotion
- circular argument that limbic system is involved emotion
- amygdala hypothalamus hippocampus pfc and cingulate cortex
- definition of it always changes and updates
42
Define the amygdala and it’s anatomy
Almond shaped in rats Brain
In temporal lobe
Receives sensory info
Processes this and send info to other structures involved in emotional processing
AmygdLa is aired up to achieve emotional response
One of the most research structure in the limbic system
Send info via axons involved e.g I’m freezing response for pag or lateral hypothalamus to control blood pressure
43
What evidence shows damage to amygdala shows involved in emotions
Animals studies
- Klüver bucy
- weiskranzt
- robogator by creating lesions in rats brain via chemicals that overstimulates neurons to cause death in the amygdala
Humans studies
-urbathweith disease
And those with temporal lobe removed showed reduced response Nd showed no galvanic skin response or startle response when conditioned them go fear response
- btut temporal evidence cannot assume was just amygdala
-sm no fear try to fear condition her but she had no fear who had urbath weith disease
Asked her ever been afraid
Took her to exotic pet store
Took her to most haunted place
44
What evidence shows the pfc is involved in emotion
Phinease gage evidence -no emotional regulation and higher order process
Decrease activity in pfc with those with aggression
Smaller pfc and decreased activity with those of murders and increased activity in amygdala result in execessive aggression and inability to regulate it
Vpfc not just involved in negative domains with anger and aggression and fear also involved other emotional states
45
How is the vpfc similar to rats
The Mpfc is equivalent
46
What is pfc involved in emotions
Also involved in extinction and inhibition of original memories within the pfc. So pfc inhibit e.g memories that are out of date and combined with emotions can inhibit the expression of old memories for fear and this reduce fear so can inhibit expression of emotional memories aswel this control emotion and control emotional response to the stimuli that provoke this memory
-suppresses original learned association memories
And damage releases the emotional expression
47
What emotions does the pfc inhibit
Inhibits fear and aggression
| Inhibits other emotional states that’s are positive
48
What evidence shows the pfc and amygdala occur together
Imaging studies show that the more connection between the 2 this the more white mater representing axons the less anxiety a patients experiences as result of more inhibition of fear and memory
- Kim and Whalen
49
Diagram of pfc amygdala and paq
Pfc>amygdala >paq
-under regulation the amygdala mediated by pfc to avoid to much emotion and emotional response and amygdala control the paq
50
What is the periquductal grey
Where the amygdala projects to one of its downstream structures
-involved in emotional responses
Stimulate causes freezing response vipag(top and sides) or stimulate running away dipag(bottom and side)
-amygdala will coordinate an appropriate response to fear stimuli
51
What application to real world can emotion and brain areas be used for
- drugs been produced that are anti anxiety such as benzodiapienez
- work in amygdala bind specific gaberergic receptors to increase inhibition to prevent pag stimulates
- agonist
52
What evidence shows damage to amygdala affects memory
Amygdala is important for learning and memory and emotions of these learning and memory
- evidence from Kobe earthquake where patients with ad showed more progressive damage in amygdala less they remember
- amygdala is involved in emotions event memories
53
Show how amygdala is not just involved in processing emotions that are aversive when learnt
also learn other nature of emotional stimuli that provoke emotions via amygdala
- e.g if damage amygdala of dogs show to have inability to salivate to sound of bell that is memory for happyness in Pavlovian conditioning
54
He amygdala is also involved in other things other than just emotions
Involve din emotional memories
-evidence from conditioned emotional response
- show amygdala is important for learning and memory of Pavlovian conditioning e.g fear memories and fear responses
- nothing is innate in fear we learn it which requires amygdala
- and damage impairs learning of fear response and feaM memory e.g prevent freezing response when amygdala is impaired
