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Empire- Ancient and MEdieval > Empire > Flashcards

Empire Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Livy say about Hannibal?

A
  • Doesn’t eat or drink to excess (Plutarch on alexander)

- 1st into battle last out

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2
Q

Qualities of Alexander

A
  • Plutarch - rationality -taught by Aristotle ( shows importance across time and space)
  • Abdera- law and justice in India
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3
Q

What are three reason for expansion of Rome

A
  1. Polybius - conquest desired
  2. Livy and cicero - defence - only when attacked
    e. g. Rhodes and Pergamum attacked by Philip of Macedonia or 2nd Punic war by Hannibal
  3. Morel - economic e.g. look at conquest of Ostia to gain access to sea and Antium to conquer pirates and rid of competition
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4
Q

Examples of Divinity of Alexander

A
  • Bull Horns on Helmet (ba’al)- copied to Seleucids

- Alexander and Zeus on the coins of the Antigonids

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5
Q

Who says Alexander was an opportunist

A

Bosworth - only ever conquering land

- why at the end he has no heir? - leaves land to strongest

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6
Q

Lavan’s views

A
  • Cultural diversity was a pre-requisite? desire to be universal rulers
  • territorially impossible to be homogenous
  • conceptualisation of imperial dictates dependent on context
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7
Q

Bernard on Clairvaux

A
  • Double edged sword in bible means sword used for Christianity and by (college of Curia and Papal Legates)
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8
Q

What shows that Punic Wars may have been internal?

A
  • Fabius Pictor writes in Greek

- Scipio and Hannibal would have talked in Greek

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9
Q

When were the three Punic Wars

A
  • 264 BC (Sicily and Sardinia)
  • 218 BC( Hannibal)
  • 150BC (Sack of Carthage)
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10
Q

Howard

A
  • Sargon of Akkad - king of four quarters

- tai - pay tribute for 2,000 years so relatively autonomous in both Mongol and Hun emprise

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11
Q

Allsen

A
  • Nomads are cultural transmission - Marco Polo
  • Asian pavilions taken as they move westward
  • Chinese dragon in European paintings
  • wearing imperial colour is from Islamic world
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12
Q

What is Culture?

A

Burke - shared attitudes and values

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13
Q

What is empire?

A

territorial expansion over socially and culturally diverse subjects

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14
Q

Primary sources on Papal authority

A

Dictates of the Pope 1090 - princes kiss feet
- imperial insignia

Innocent 111- Paul had been given authority over the world ( watt says over secular world too)

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15
Q

Fulcher

A

Levant now united by faith - Ellenblum settle in rural areas

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16
Q

Lewis

A
  • minority in their own kingdom so must use local elites

(unlike Seleucids and Ptolemics who have Greek elites)

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17
Q

Politics of difference

A
  • Burbank and cooper
  • Smail - keep to assert themselves e.g. Persians
  • dhimmi system?
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18
Q

Halperin

A

Have to consul ideological difference to exist

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19
Q

Finn

A

Bishintu Inscription - trilinqual - 520’s

  • To show king Darius in a cosmic way (very high up so mediator between God and man)
  • creates hierarchy in order of language
  • Akkadian, Old Persian and elamite
  • way of asserting legitimacy
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20
Q

Hay

A
  • Roman soldiers not roman
  • St. Augustine (abandons Hellenistic science) says to separate from world and these values shared in Christendom e.g. hard work
  • Latin for Prayer and Praise
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21
Q

Expeditions of Alexander the Great

A
  • 334 crosses agean to conquer Asia minor, Syria and Egypt (battle of the Issus 333)
  • Then 332 Persian (Gaugamela)
  • 327 - Indus valley ( Trying to outdo Dionysus)
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22
Q

When did the Persians Sack Athens

A

480 BC

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23
Q

Importance of hereditary?

A
  • Philip instils revenge on Alexander

- Hamilcar instils revenge on Hanniball

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24
Q

332?

A

Battle of Gaugemela

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25
Alexander the Great and Culture
- Maries officials to Persian women - Makes palace and Babylon - Obeisance/ Prokenysis - officials have to prostrate in front of king (Persian) - Outrage from Greeks and Macedonians especially Callisthenes who believed for Gods only - 324 - sacrifices and Troy
26
Arian
- soldiers grumble at his continuing | - uses manliness to encourage them e.g. bravery, no exhaustion, end goal of prowess
27
Polybius on Roman Constitution
Cyclical Democracy, Kingship and aristocracy are the best mix Senate and Two Consuls answerable to people
28
Rome's Success?
- Competition for consuls - military - citizenship - Manpower through alliances
29
examples of roman alliance
- 273 with Carthage against king Pyrrhus
30
What shows early connections between Greeks and romans
- Pyrgi golden tablets to god Ashtaret | - in Etruscan and Punic
31
Harris
- Polybius - spare no one so create a state of terror - geographical position on Tiber - Slave trade - frees up labourers to fight so man power - disciplined population who believe they gain from it - all aristocracy are military - shows honour and power and militaristic nature (conquest is for prowess like Polybius says)
32
Pedersen
- Vikings are an empire | - Like Hamalainen says Comanche (18thc) were a kinetic empire with imperial flexibility but control over key resources
33
Frankish Prayer
Oh god free us from the wild Northman people who devastate our kingdoms
34
What calls Vikings plunderes?
Annals of Xanten
35
Jesch
- Cultural homogeneity rooted in common language over the geographical distance
36
Hadrill
- Tourists? e.g. settlement in L'Anse aux meadows or Kiev
37
what does Italias bull symbolise?
fight against rome
38
Why did the Italian threat become unreal after the social war?
integration
39
when was the social war
91-88BC
40
Who says citizenship was 'longer for'
Diodorous
41
Dates from death of Gracchus until Sulla
133-88
42
What does Imperator mean in Classical Antiquity
Honouree titles given to soldiers when extending territory
43
133-120
Gracchus brothers try to redistribute land
44
when did Bilingualism begin?
1bc (and Greek for overseas)
45
Details of Marius and Sulla
88-80 BC - Sulla kills 10,000 of marius loyals
46
Triumvate
60-50 between Pompay, Creaser and Crasus
47
Ceaser's rise and Fall
power in 48Bc Becomes dictator for 10 years Murdered 44 and Octavian is adopted heir
48
What happens in Atium
30-32 War between Mark Antony for Octavian
49
Who thinks the Republic fell because of Ambition?
Syme
50
Meier
Structure wasn't working | Ceaser and Augustus form alternative political system
51
Gruen
Civil Wars- violence justifies monarchy?
52
Why Did Italins fear Grachus reforms?
feared they would lose land tht was rightfully theirs
53
Gabba
aspirations of Italian commercial elite | want citizenship in order to gain advantages in market
54
Why does Bispham disagree with Gabba
- Campania did not lead the revolt despite numerous traders
55
Bispham on Citezenship
push for citizenship enough that they stop trying and go for independence Why would you fight for citizenship from enemies? Attempt to establish new order? run by magistrates and councils
56
What was the rebel coinage in the Rome Social war
Bull gorging wolf
57
What happened to those who were loyal in the Social War
they were enfranchised if they surrendered
58
When doe the nation of manliness begin to change
Augustus - prefers to be seen as civic man than military
59
why is 23BC relevant
Imperium Maius - greater power than magistrates
60
What can Augustus do as Imperium Maius
- Veto bills and stop executions | - nominates candidates for elections
61
Benefits of Augustus 23 reforms
- more opuuriunity to become consul
62
What does Cassius Dio think of this reofm
Augustus has given himself consul powers for ever
63
What was the Pater Patriae title
Farther of the Fatherland Family man e.g. harsh laws against adultery- even outlaws own daughter Julia for it women hold more power e.g. Livia blurs public and private life
64
Who calls Augustus a Passive Emperor
Miller
65
What shift can be seen under Pax Augusta?
No military expansion but favouring of arts and Culture
66
Edict of Milan
313AD
67
Edict of Milan
313AD - legitimizes all religions does not make Christianity the religion of empire
68
Eusbius
- Constantine as a new kind of empire - pious - purpose is to edify
69
Who were the two emperors that persecuted Christians
Decius and Diocletian
70
What happens under Diocletian
More authoritarian governemtn and army as senate loses power
71
Cyprian on the Crisi of emperors
Lost firm control and were only ruling for short periods
72
Economic problems in 3rd century
Exhaustion of mines and decline in craftsmanship
73
Cassius Dio what if army had stayed disciplined?
Sasannid empire would not have asked for provinces
74
Herodian
Threat of Germans and Sasannid empire becomes to the very existence
75
Salus
Christians refuse to Sacrifice for the emperor effecting the empire
76
what starts of the Crisis
End of Antonine dysnasty
77
When was Decius Decree for Sacrfice?
249 AD
78
Rives
Universal measure but effect Christians most Hardly oblivious to this so anti Christian measure No reason for sacrifice at the time of decree
79
Diocletians actions against Christians
Ban Public meetings and annexes land
80
Religion of Rome - Pax Decrum
Local polities have own religions- co-ordinated observation of certain occasions about deity not individuals
81
Results according to Rives
Still multiplicity creates martyrs ties of individual to empire
82
Great persecution
303-311 under Dioceltian
83
Not all martyrs e.g. man who gets his brother to sacrifice instead
luijendijk
84
What does Copres's reliance on a pagan friend show?
They were not socially isolated
85
Key points about conversion of an empire
- not opportunistic - most Christians in eastern not western - singles out bishops - no longer be put to death - founds Vatican - Anti - pagan legislation - e.g. banning of sacrifice (hard coercion to convert) - Soft coercion - give offices - Julian was only following emperor who wasn't a Christian - Theodosius 380's destroys temples
86
What is orthopraxy and Orthodoxy
``` praxy = right actions doxy = right beliefs ```
87
Diocletian to Constantine?
Diocletian replaced by the two junior tetrarchs Constantius and Galenius - the idea that the best should rule Constantine thinks he should rule as heir
88
Timothy Barnes
- religion of emperor trickles down | - 324 edicts which break down sacrifice and melt cult statues
89
325 AD
Council of Nicaea
90
Christianity and fall of empire
GIBBON (atheist) - not taking up arms - (Tertullian - best soldiers because of steadfastness) - lack of patriotism - next world
91
Augustine of Hippo
- empire is not plan of God | - transient world which is insignificant (Hay)
92
Battle of Adrianople
Goths vs romans in 378AD
93
Visigoth treaty
382- Goths given Balkans - never done before (signs of appeasement?)
94
What date did the Goths sack Rome?
410AD
95
Odavacar
476AD replaces Romulus
96
Reasons for fall?
-Peter Heather - the Huns (close ties with settles peoples In order to gain food and water)
97
Why were nomadic armies superior to settled?
Flexibility and speed - rapid appearing and disappearing
98
Perceptions of nomads (Greco roman)
- not settled so not human - Eurasian Steppe - scythians, Mongols, Turks, Huns and Khzars - Greek and Romans don't think they are empires - weak collective identity e.g. no customs - control not tax - Roman generals use as auxillary trops
99
Byzantines empires relations with huns
- pays tribute to stay out until 450AD - 450 lose to Rome on Catalonian fields ( still have military superiority) - but 453 atilla dies and all his empire explodes - collective identity
100
Ambrose
- Dominoes effect - all barbarians seek new ground and move into Rome (no leader and no pay to keep them at bay)
101
Were Huns nomadic?
Yes- admin - no religious identity/ ethnic - control people not territory No - economy - dependent on tribute - dependent on sedentary people - only elites on horseback
102
Avars
Longevity because sedentary admin Sack Carthage in 626 Defeated only in 800's by Charlemagne
103
Changing ideas of a male ( Nathan )
Cicero - Roman Strenght and courage in war - 1 BCE aristocrats no longer partake in war Augustus redirects into provate sphere e.g. how you act in the household but 540's return to Justinian on horse killing barbarians stays same legal code - abdar and justinian
104
Who does Claudian Idealise?
- Stilicho - Jutsitce Patience - Emphasis on morals/ best - stilichio not roman (half barbarian) and tatrachs nominated by who was the best not paternity -
105
Severus
- focused on heaven - self control (continuity e.g. livy on Hannibal and plutarch on alexander) prayfullness merciful not looking for remeberance among men ( how alexander persuades army to continue (arian))
106
Reforms of Maximillian
- anti militarization - e.g. Christian symbol replaces pagan -
107
Tertullian
- Christians were best soldiers because of steadfastness | - flight was unmanyly
108
Ambrose of Milan
- still heavenly army (military idea still important) | - but spiritual weapons not military
109
Levi Roach
- Charlemagnes reforms were eschatological? - Otto III and legend of the last emperor - Augustine of Hippo and year 1000 - no specific reference so difficult to tell
110
Primary sources on Otto III
- Body still intact - dream told him to raise him up - Daniel 7 and idea of beasts (Persian, Babylonian, Roman and Greek 4 empires would rise and fall - already reached roman which was beast with claws - Satan would be bound for 1000 years - Interest in Chalemagnes cross - antichrist
111
What renovations of Rome in 998?
return of lead bull instead of wax seal 4 constituent parts paying tribute - But plans don't hault in last year?
112
What does precopius say about Justinian
- emperor that never sleeps | -
113
Refoms
corpus civilius hagai Sophia endless peace with Persia to try get west back (540 broken)
114
Theodoras influecne
Stop sale of children | tax evasion and corruption
115
Justinian - Roman?
yes- conquests building and anceitn texts depictied on horse with barbarians pleadeing No - Christian legal code - shuts down debate on it - imposes will on curch to point of kidnapping pope - doesn't go on military campaigns - cultural imperialism e.g. missionaries
116
john the Lydian
- exclusion of old elites - end of imperial elites?
117
3rd c c
- first loss of land e.g. gaul and Syria inflation silver in circulation coing 50-5 per cent
118
Causes 3 cc
Batlle on the rhine and danube | plagues - population decree
119
Charlemagnes coins
Christian one side imperial other (latin)
120
Background to charmlemagen
Pope Leo names him king 800 | Restores empire to the west
121
Merovingian coin
Dressed as a roman empire, moustache c.650 Church ans cross on other side- Christianity has now become empire (not just part of it like in Constantines time) - Nickname is Daniel (modelled on old kings in bible)
122
International Renaissance
Under Hcarlemagne Palace of Ingelheim (Ermold) - portrait of Alexander the Great Legendary correspondants between king of Brahmins and Alexander the Great
123
Moustache
Copying barbarian king - Theodoric king of the ostrogtohs | Breaking away from past cultures
124
Einhard
Worships leader | St. Augustine s City of God on earth
125
Opus Caroli
Interest in Christian Doctrine Royal Edicts enforce Christian Behavoir Against Council of Nicea 878 who approved worshiping of images Pope Hadrian Disaproves of it
126
Structure of Carolingian empire
No capital - rural | no tax
127
Ruler without Revenue
``` Demands Gifts - Abul Abaz No standing army No beareaucracy no elites e.g. soldiers and Civil service Ideolgical allignement ```
128
Counts in Charlemgen
Tenancy Local power e.g. duke john and corruption Comradery- he hunts with them patronage - personal connections
129
m. Innes on Charlemagen
no division between public life an private e.g. rulers charged with moral and social order Einhard says chrisitianity I core of admin Legal system still important e.g. Neustrian court to mediate struggles Status of Law and emphasis on written gov Innes- Universal oaths to the king (same as Islamic empire (individual loyalty) - heirachy where king is always at the top
130
Social Mobility
Ancient - competition for consulships | Holy Roman EMpire- Charlemagne through campaigning
131
Missi dominici | Vissi dominici
Personal service at palace | Sevice abroad
132
Innes on power
Holding public faith = power in Charlemagnes kingdom
133
Spillings Hoard | And Salme Ship Burials
70kg of silver | 14,500 coins from Iraq from Khazar empire
134
The Rus
Originigla settlement in Russia | 300 oval broaches found in Russia
135
Norse belifes
Not Greco-Roman tradition | Norse e.g. THor and Odon
136
when was the Viking empire
700-1000
137
Depiction of Justinian - mosaic from s. Vitale
halo around his head | no militaristic characteritics
138
Barlett
black is homogeniser - end of empires | No more continuity with old
139
First Emperor of Holy ROman Empire
f. Barabossa
140
Ways the Holy roman empire expands
Mariage e.g. to Siclcily Crusading into Lithuania Kings in Empire - one ruler
141
Tacitus on germans
use to contraat what a civilised man is e.g. barbarians less able to bear labourious work
142
Why does tacitus praise barbarians?
Marigge is honourable (what augustus shifts towards)
143
Spain in the Middle Ages - Mackay
Ferdinand 111 come to terms with giving infidels a place in Christianity Christian scholars respect muslims School of translators at Toledo Aculturation experienced differently e.g. Expensive stone needed for Romanesqu churches only in some places there is no god but allah next to Christian texts
144
Thoecracy
God elected domination e.g. Caliph | Not latin Christianity because none could claim complete authority
145
Crusades
16th century French Indulgences - good works to save the dead Internal against Heretics
146
Albegensian CrusADE
``` Innocent III Cathars in SW Fracne Orders of the Preachers 1209 (4th Latern Council 1215) Massacre of Beziers ```
147
661-750
Umyadd Caliphate followed by Abasid
148
Mongol Empire
1206-1368 (ghengis Khan and Rapid expansion)
149
Hagai Sophia
6th Century | like Pantheon
150
Wallerstein
the modern world system - core periphery theory (like dependency theory)
151
Black Sea Slave TRade
Genoese
152
S. Menache
exclusion of Muslims leads to conversion to Christianity | e.g. Better access to law
153
Andrew Buck
Heirachy in the levant e.g. greeks and Christians then Jews and Saracens etc.
154
Crusades begin
speech of Clarement 1095 Urban II Take levant back from Muslims goal to capture jersulalem
155
Capture of Jerusalem
1099 Don't stop (e.g. Tyre in 1924) GOdfrey of Bouillon becomes king of Jerusalem
156
Motivayions?
economic? Lords such as Godfrey of Bouillon? Majority were younger sons who didn't have land in England WOth it? have to pay for troops and land Love? - Smith
157
4 Polities in the Levant
Principality of Antioch Jerusalem 1099 County of Edessa County of TRipoli
158
Seljuk Expeditions
1108, 1111 and 1113
159
zengi
1140's Sunni Counter Crusade - Get back County of Edessa
160
Nur- Ad Din
son | Damascus and Syria Recapture in 1154
161
La Monte
Overbearing Nobility in Levant
162
Norman Rebellions
1070's and 1080's
163
Principle Charges of William
Law, Tax, Cathedrals (e.g. Durham), Churches, and Nobles
164
Norma Taxes
1087-88 Domseday Book
165
Roger II
Scicily claims lands and confirmed by the Popes | Crownedwith Byzantine crown - legacy
166
Strayer on Scicily under normans
Well administered, completely controlled by its ruler | earliest origins of modern state
167
Le potounel
Lacked emperor Feudalism But sovereign focus of power several ethnic groups
168
Bartlett
Colony should imply political dependency
169
Normans and cultural imperialism?
No attempt to homogenise e.g. scilily 1149 tombstone with 4 languages
170
Goals of Gregory
``` Celebate relations (stop inheriting) End Symony ( paying for offices) Clerical Celibacy ```
171
Investiture Crisis
Henry IV vs Gregory VII 1075 Cansaa 1077 begs to be unexcommunicated in the snow
172
About Innocent III
Create Papal States 1160 Makes Theory reality e.g. taxes instead of charity and tytthes
173
Bisson
first crisis of the new world in the making
174
Stauffer
Leyser- return to period before independent papacy - rule becomes decentralised e.g. Frederick II Unites empire (e.g. marries constance of scicily) but ignores innocent
175
Was stauffer different from other polities?
Gorich - no empire run on consensus politics
176
c10
imperial gov largely recuited from bishops
177
690's
Caliph imposes Arabic so all speek - at expense of greek
178
Payne
divide and rule in Arab army
179
Cunnlife
raiding
180
Pirenne
subjugation and obedience contrasts to Theodoric who saught to serve
181
Treatise on the art of governemnt
diginified - Seljuk sunni Evryone answerable irreproachable in religion

Empire- Ancient and MEdieval (1 decks)

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