Empire Topic 3 - Australia - Macquarie Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
When did Lachlan Macquarie become governor of Australia?
A
1st January 1810
2
Q
What years is Australia under the development of Macquarie
A
1810-1821
3
Q
What were Macquarie’s original objectives?
A
- Restore order, lawful government and discipline
- Cancel all decisions made by rebel government during Bligh years
- Break power of NSW corps
- Side with emancipists and the currency over the exclusives and the sterling
4
Q
What is the criteria for Macquarie questions?
A
- Extent to which he met his original objectives.
- Extent to which measures he put in place to achieve these were successful in building a nation
5
Q
How did NSW develop and grow under Governor Macquarie
A
- Macquarie towns
- Native Institute for Education of Aboriginals
- Sydney Rum Hospital
- Called NSW ‘Australia’
- First bank of the colony
- Road over the Blue Mountains
6
Q
What were the Macquarie towns?
A
- Castlereagh
- Richmond
- Windsor
- Pitt town
- Wilburforce
7
Q
When were the Macquarie towns founded
A
1810
8
Q
When was the Native Institute for Education of Aboriginals founded?
A
1814
9
Q
When was the Sydney Rum Hospital founded?
A
1815
10
Q
When did Macquarie first call NSW ‘Australia’?
A
1817
11
Q
When was the first bank of the colony founded?
A
1817
12
Q
When was the road over the Blue Mountains build?
A
1819
13
Q
State of the NSW corps at beginning of Macquarie years?
A
- Gained power during Rum Years
- Each had 10 male and 3 females convicts to work on their farms
- Controlled alcohol imports, rum was main currency of colony as a result of this, with everyone drinking so much they effectively gained control over the colony.
- Saw themselves as first gentry and expected support and differential treatment by the governors as exclusives.
14
Q
What were the exclusives?
A
Free settlers, non-conivicts, descendants called the Sterling
15
Q
What were the emancipists?
A
Ex-convicts
16
Q
What was Macquarie’s attitude towards convicts?
A
- Believed in reforming convicts
17
Q
How did Macquarie treat convicts?
A
- Ex-convict doctor delivered wife’s baby
- Invited 4 emancipists for tea.
- Appointed ex-convict magistrate
- Issued early pardons and tickets of leave with hope of convicts become full members of colonial society
18
Q
How did convicts work under Macquarie?
A
- Convicts sold extra labour for rum due to there being no official currency yet.
- Skilled labourers known as specials used for public works and literate convicts were also in demand.
- A convicted lawyer, George Crossley, even advised governors and William Refern acted as surgeon.
19
Q
How much extra labour did convicts sell?
A
Above 9 hours and 5 hours on Saturday’s, certainly still punishment
20
Q
What rights did Macquarie give convicts?
A
- Shelter
- Food
- Rum rations
- Had harsh punishment (100 lashes)
- Worked effectively as slaves with minor improvements
21
Q
Examples of Growth and New Areas
A
- Developed colony at Hawksebury River, where Macquarie towns formed.
- First expedition over Blue Mountains
22
Q
How was the development of a colony at the Hawksebury River and the formation of the Macquarie towns significant?
A
- After drought of 1812-1813 Macquarie needed to ensure colony was self-sufficient.
- Appointed John Oxley as surveyor-general
- Hawkesbury River had fertile land and a good source of oysters which became vital for feeding population after Macquarie towns were formed there
23
Q
How were the expeditions over the Blue Mountains significant?
A
- Led to discovery of fertile grazing lands beyond which became available after the 1819 construction of the road.
- Further led to discovery of rich regions of North New South Wales.
- Important as it provided NSW with half it’s annual grain requirements.
24
Q
How did Macquarie stop rum being the main currency?
A
- Imported 40,000 Spanish dollars worth £10,000, used these to make new currency for Australia called ‘holey dollar.’
25
When did Macquarie import new currency?
November 1812
26
Examples of Infrastructure Growth of the Colony?
- Reorganised Hobart into regular street layout, determined form of current centre of Hobart.
- Ensured colony made a profit which he reinvested.
- Built schools, roads, barracks and churches.
- Macquarie Towns
- Sydney Rum Hospital
27
What ex-convict was crucial as an architecture in the development of the colonies architecture?
Francis Greenway
28
How did growth from public works support the colony?
- Provided employment for both emancipists and convicts.
29
What did Francis Greenway achieve?
- Built first governor's house
- Hyde Park Barracks
- Parramatta Female Factory
- Macquarie Lighthouse
30
Male to Female ratio in colony
10:1
31
Treatment of women in colony?
- Women were marketed off, best chance for survival was getting paired off quickly
- 1806 Register showed 395 women were married and 1035 were concubine.
- Parramatta Female Factory was constructed by 1821.
32
What did Parramatta Female Factory act as?
- Place of assignment
- Hospital
- Marrige bureau
- Asylum
- Prison
- Minor positive for women in overall bad circumstances
33
Legal Growth of the Colony
- Second Charter of Justice issues that defined how the civil court system was to be structured.
- Supreme Court opened
- Three new courts of Civil Judicature were to be established
- English law was to be followed as far as possible
- When new laws or ordinances were needed they were to be made consistent with English law
34
When was the Second Charter of Justice issued?
1814
35
Who became the judge of the new Supreme Court?
Jeffrey Hart Bent
36
When did the Supreme Court open for busines?
28th July 1814
37
Impact of Legal Growth of Colony?
- Many settlers were discontented and questioned whether new laws were valid, they believed Macquarie was overstepping authority
- In 1816 his law against trespassing on government property meant had 3 trespassers (all free settlers) flogged
- Exclusives especially angered by Macquarie's actions
38
Moral Growth of the Colony
- In exchange for fair treatment, Macquarie demanded that ex-convicts live reformed Christian lives.
- Required former convicts attended church services and in particular encouraged formal Christian (anglican) marriages.
- Passed law against cohabitation without marriage, which made women less like 'prisoners of prisoners'
- Limited alcohol consumption of colony by limiting alcoholic consumption and closing pubs on religious holidays.
39
Hyde Park Barracks Context
- Macquarie had become increasingly disturbed with male' convicts behaviour in the street after work.
- Macquarie thought barrack accomodation would improve moral character and increase productivity.
40
Hyde Park Barracks
- Macquarie requested Greenway design barracks for 600 men.
- Constructed by convicts
- Completed in 1819.
41
How did Construction of Hyde Park Barracks clash with London?
- Macquarie was in defiance of British government's ban on expensive public building projects in the colony.
- Macquarie's vision for NSW conflicted London's idea of simply a dumping ground for convicts.
42
When did Macquarie order all traffic on roads to keep to the left and what does it signify?
15th August 1820
- Signifies that the colony had grown so much that there was sufficient traffic that road organisation was neccessary.
43
Treatment of Aboriginal people under Macquarie
- Conflicting
- Ordered punishment expeditions, but returned land simultaneously.
- Founded Native Institute in Parramatta for Education of Aboriginal Children, however many were enrolled by force and had European culture impressed on them.
- Rewarded Aboriginals loyal to British.
44
How did Macquarie reward Aboriginals loyal to British?
- Declared them 'chiefs of the tribe' and awarded them a brass breast-plate engraved with their name.
- Also rewarded them with small parcels of land set aside for use of their families.
45
When did the Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars break out?
1814
46
What happened in the Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars?
- Macquarie towns built at expense of local Darug Aboriginals who fought a guerilla war with settlers.
- At Silverdale, Aboriginals killed 4 settlers with a mix of spears and stolen muskets.
- In retaliation, Macquarie sanctioned the murder of 14 Aborigines in retaliation.
47
Macquarie's Clashes with Exclusives
- Exclusives resented Macquarie's land grants to ex-convicts.
- He recieved blame for the drought suffered in 1812 and 1813 and for the bankrupcy of a lot of farmers by 1814.
- In 1819 free settlers complained to London about Macquarie's policies, which caused a report which forced his resignation.
