Employing Communicative Strategies in Various Speech Situations

Question 1

Cohen (1990), as cited by Sipacio & Balgos (2016), states that __________ must be used to start and maintain a conversation.

Answer 1

strategies

Question 2

A speaker carries out __________ to collaboratively and productively establish a topic. Basically, when you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to.
- did not arise from previous talk

Answer 2

nomination

Question 3

refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. When communicating in the classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with your friends, you are typically given specific instructions that you must follow. These instructions
confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.
- because of the higher authority that imposes it to make the conversation successful

Answer 3

restriction

Question 4

Factors that must be considered for nomination and restriction

Answer 4

• social relationships (higher and lower authority)
• environment (one-on-one and group communication)

Question 5

refer to those who are assigned to control the flow of the conversation. Their role is to ask questions that will maintain the quality and productivity of communication.
- the leader– the one who usually restricts and initiates the conversation

Answer 5

Higher authority

Question 6

refer to the participants who start as listeners and are then nominated to be speakers when called by the higher authorities. They are called using their names. They may also use nonverbal cues to initiate that they want to join the conversation.

Answer 6

lower authority

Question 7

effective conversations contain

Answer 7

some high authority and low authority (on certain situations, there must be give and take)

Question 8

Tutorials and interviews are common settings for this in nomination and restriction.

Answer 8

one on one communication

Question 9

what type of communication (setting)

Tutorials and interviews

Answer 9

one on one communication

Question 10

what type of communication (setting)

Panel discussion, class discussion, forum, and debates

Answer 10

group communication

Question 11

guidelines in nominating or restricting participants in a discussion.

The main speaker should state the _______ that will be discussed. It is necessary to give participants an idea on what will be talked
about.

Answer 11

topic

Question 12

Calling the participants by their _________ is the proper way of nominating them in the conversation. Also, the speaker may use _____________, such as pointing at the person to signal that he or she may share his or her ideas.

Answer 12

name, nonverbal cues

Question 13

Participants who wish to join the discussion can perform _______________to express their interest. For example, a
participant can raise his or her hand or say “May I be allowed to speak?”

Answer 13

verbal or nonverbal cues

Question 14

When other participants try to join the discussion even without nomination, the speaker may use verbal and nonverbal cues to
___________ them. He or she can say “Let me finish first, then I’ll get back to your question . . .” or announce before the discussion
starts that “questions or comments will be entertained after the presentation.” Keep in mind that in restricting participants, the
speaker or the higher authority should approach them ___________________

Answer 14

restrict, politely or professionaly

Question 15

the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor. There is a code of behavior behind establishing and
sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.

Answer 15

turn-taking

Question 16

why is turn-taking a process

Answer 16

because it has three turn-taking acts:

• keep-turn
• release-turn
• take-turn

Question 17

turn-taking act

suggests that a speaker must not stop until he fulfills his purpose in a conversation.

Answer 17

keep-turn

Question 18

turn-taking act

suggests that a speaker is finished talking and is ready to yield the floor to another person to take his or her turn. He or she may use signals or pause in a conversation.

Answer 18

release-turn

Question 19

turn-taking act

suggests that another participant can take the role of the speaker.
- which a participant stops speaking
and yields the floor to another participant so he or she could begin to speak.

Answer 19

take-turn

Question 20

signals and cues which indicate that a speaker wants to keep, yield, or take his or her turn:

Answer 20

intonation signals, verbal cues, non-verbal cues/gestures

Question 21

_______________ suggest that the speaker wants to keep or yield his or her turn. Rising and falling intonations indicate that a speaker is releasing his or her turn. A _____________ indicates that a speaker is about to end his or her turn, while a _______________ implies that a speaker is asking the participants for clarification and confirmation or sometimes to express disbelief.

Answer 21

intonation signals; falling intonation; rising intonation

Question 22

____________- suggest that a speaker wants to yield or to keep his or her turn. For example, calling the participants’ ________ indicate that a speaker is releasing his or her turn. Meanwhile, using _______________ such as “additionally,” “on the contrary,”
“furthermore,” “consequently,” or “likewise” suggests the speaker has something more to say.

Answer 22

verbal cues; names; sentence connectors

Question 23

__________________, like raising one’s hand, show that a participant wants to take the floor or speak. Also, when a
speaker points to or fixes his or her gaze on a participant may mean that he or she wants that participant to speak.

Answer 23

non-verbal cues or gestures

Question 24

turn-taking rule

_________________ - participants should wait for the speaker to finish first before interrupting.

Answer 24

limit interruptions

Question 25

turn-taking rule

_________________ - participants should wait for verbal and nonverbal cues.

Answer 25

properly timed signals

Question 26

turn-taking rule

_________________ - participants should dedicate their attention to or be interested in the
discussion so that they will know when to take turns..

Answer 26

acknowledge understanding and provide attention

Question 27

refers to the main idea or focus of a sentence.
- specific in nature

Answer 27

sentence topic/sentential topic

Question 28

the topic of the conversation as a whole.
- general in nature

Answer 28

discourse topic

Question 29

suggests, involves moving from one topic to another.

• you have to be very intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was nurtured enough to generate adequate views.
• You may also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift like “By the way,” “In addition to what you said,” “Which reminds me of,” and the like.
• It occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation.
• A speaker usually introduces a new topic when he or she is not familiar or not interested with the topic being talked about.

Answer 29

topic-shifting

Question 30

ways on how to shift a topic

-when the listener concentrates on some phrases from the last statement mentioned by the speaker. The idea develops and sticks within the context of the situation.

Answer 30

speaking topically

Question 31

ways on how to shift a topic

• occurs when the listener concentrates on a word, but the newly introduced idea may not be related to the context of the topic.

Answer 31

speaking on the topic

Question 32

covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topics in conversations or discourse.

• Remember that regardless of the formality of the context, it is achieved cooperatively.
  -This only means that when a topic is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding
  unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts.
• It occurs when the main or assigned speaker manipulates the discussion so as to maintain its flow without moving away from or changing the topic.
• Participants should be mindful of verbal cues as the main speaker uses statements such as “Let’s focus on . . .” or “Let’s discuss . . .” to set the topic of the conversation or “As I was saying . . .” or “Going back to . . .” to sustain or return to the original topic.
• depends on the type of communication situation. Participants should recognize who controls the conversation
  and who among the members is allowed to speak.

Answer 32

topic control

Question 33

to the opportunity given to a speaker to talk,

Answer 33

turn

Question 34

a common example of violation in communication

Answer 34

interruptions

Question 35

______________ requires an interactive exchange of messages
within the speaker and participant

Answer 35

communication

Question 36

most common violations in any communication situation

Answer 36

grabbing the floor, overlapping, hogging the floor, being silent, dead air

Question 37

violation

committed when a speaker is not able to fulfill his or her purpose because a participant takes over the role of being a speaker, without allowing him or her to finish his or her turn first.

Answer 37

grabbing the floor (also called interruption)

Question 38

violation

is similar to grabbing the floor. However, instead of a participant giving up his or her turn to another, both of them are talking at the same time.

Answer 38

overlapping

Question 39

violation

occurs when a speaker ignores others who try to join or take over the discussion.

Answer 39

hogging the floor

Question 40

violation

happens when no one wants to speak or take the floor.

Answer 40

dead silence/dead air

Question 41

(true or false) it is important for each participant to know how to recognize these violations so as to apply specific communication strategies to fix them.

Answer 41

true

Question 42

refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.
- self-righting mechanism
- acknowledging, recasting, repeating, topic-shift, etc
- used to fix violation

Answer 42

repair

Question 43

refers to a participant’s close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator takes
responsibility to signal the end of the discussion through concluding cues. You can also do this by sharing what you have learned from the conversation, and soliciting agreement from the other participants.
- can be used to fix violations

Answer 43

termination

Question 44

guidelines on how to repair or terminate

__________________ is the first step to repairing a conversation. When a participant interrupts or overlaps, the main speaker should recognize this situation and address it briefly. The speaker can say “I appreciate your comment. I will respond to that after I have discussed a few more slides.”

Answer 44

recognizing the violation

Question 45

guidelines on how to repair or terminate

__________ to the main topic is the next step after recognition. One may use verbal cues such as “anyway,” “going back,” or “as
I was saying.”

Answer 45

shifting back

Question 46

guidelines on how to repair or terminate

Asking _______________ are necessary to let other participants know that they have returned to the original topic. Yes-no questions are usually used to confirm understanding among members.

Answer 46

leading questions

Question 47

guidelines on how to repair or terminate

After disregarding unnecessary topics, speakers may choose to ____________ the conversation by taking a break, shifting to a
new topic, or rescheduling a conversation.

Answer 47

end or terminate