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NR-EMR > EMR-NAT > Flashcards

EMR-NAT Flashcards

1
Q

ADULT (18 >) Rates

Breath/pulse/systole

A

Breath Pulse Systole
12-20 60-100 120/80

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2
Q

Adolescent (13 - 17) Rates

Breath/pulse/systole

A

Breath Pulse. Systole
12 - 20. 55-105 120/80

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3
Q

School age (6 - 12) rates

Breath / pulse /rates

A

Breath Pulse. Rate
20-30 70-110 120/80

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4
Q

Teenager (4-15) Rates

Breathing / pulse / systole

A

Rates. Pulse. Systole
20-30 70-110 110/80

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5
Q

Toddler (1-3) rates

Breath / pulse /systole

A

Breath. Pulse. Systole
20-30 80-110 100/70

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6
Q

Infant (<1) rates

A

Breath Pulse Systole
30-40 80-130 80/60

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7
Q

Neonate rates (28 days)

A

Breath Pulse Systole
40-60 110-160 80/60

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8
Q

Pregnant rates

Breaths/systole

A

Breaths Systole
15+ 140/90

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9
Q

Ventilations for ADULTS

A

1 every 5-6 sec

10/12 pm

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10
Q

Ventilations for INFANTS

A

1 every 3 to 5 seconds

12/20 pm

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11
Q

Ventilations for NEONATES

A

I breath every 2-4 seconds

15/30 pm

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12
Q

Ventilations for STOMA

A

1 breath every 4 - 5 seconds

12/15 pm

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13
Q

SUCTIONING time for ADULTS

A

15 seconds

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14
Q

SUCTIONING for a CHILD

A

10 seconds

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15
Q

SUCTIONING for an INFANT

A

5 Seconds

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16
Q

Compression rates for ADULTS

A

2 - 2.4 inches

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17
Q

Compression for a CHILD

A

2 inches

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18
Q

COMPRESSION for an INFANT

A

1.5 inch

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19
Q

Steps for SCENE SIZE-UP

A
  1. BSI/ Scene Safe
    2.MOI/NOI - consider spinal Injury
  2. # of patients
  3. Call 911
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20
Q

PRIMARY ASSESSMENT (stabilize)

A
  1. AVPU, A&Ox……
  2. Chief Complaint
  3. ABC —> + Oxygen
  4. Transport/ Treatment Priority
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21
Q

Patient HISTORY

A
  1. OPQRST
  2. SAMPLE
    3.Baseline Vital Signs
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22
Q

SECONDARY ASSESSMENT

A
  1. HEAD TO Toe (MOI)

2.BP-DOC (NOI)

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23
Q

REASSESSMENT

A
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24
Q

Airway DIAGRAM

A

From top:
Nose - mouth - Pharynx - Larynx - left /right Bronchus - Bronchiol - Alveoli - Diaphragm

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25
Q

What does BPDOC stand for and when is it used?

A

B - bleeding 🩸
P - Pain 😖
D - Deformities
O - Open Injuries
C - Creptus

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26
Q

CREPTUS

A

Grating sound or sensation produced by friction within bones and Cartilage or the fractured part of the bone 🦴

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27
Q

EMS systems

A

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems

*The CHAIN OF HUMAN RESOURCES and services linked together to provide continuous emergency care at the scene and during TRANSPORT to a medical facility

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28
Q

MEDICAL DIRECTOR

A

A physician who assumes the ULTIMATE responsibility for medical oversight of the patient care aspect of the EMS

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29
Q

Scope of Practice

A

The care that and EMR is ALLOWED and SUPPOSE to provide according to the regulations and Statutes. It’s also known and SCOPE OF CARE

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30
Q

PROTOCALS

A

WRITTEN GUIDELINES that direct the care of EMS personnel provide for patients

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31
Q

Standing orders

A

A component of a protocol that allows the EMS personnel to provide specific interventions to a patient

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32
Q

Standard of Care

A

The care that should be provided for any level of training based on local laws, administrative orders, and guidelines or protocols established by the local EMS systems

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33
Q

NEGLIGENCE

A

Failure to provide an expected standard of care

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34
Q

Duty to act

A

A requirement that an EMR, at-least while on duty, must provide care to a set standard

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35
Q

Abandonment

A

To leave a sick or injured patient before an equal or highly trained personnel can assume responsibility for care

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36
Q

HIPAA and it’s definition:

A

Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act

A law that dictates the extent to which protected health information can be shared

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37
Q

Mandated reporter

A

Any individual required by law to report financial, physical, sexual or any other types or abuse or neglect have been observed or suspected

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38
Q

Critical incident

A

Any situation that causes a rescuer to experience strong emotions that interfere with the ability to function either during the incident or after a highly stressful incident

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39
Q

METABOLISM

A

Conversion of GLUCOSE into energy

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40
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air moved in our breathing cycle, which consist of One inhalation and One exhalation, approximately 500ml in the average adult

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41
Q

Stroke volume

A

The Volume of BLOOD 🩸 ejected from the heart in one contraction

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42
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood 🩸 ejected from the heart in one minute

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43
Q

Direct carry

A

A carry performed to move patient with NO SUSPECTED spine injury from BED TO A STRETCHER

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44
Q

Recovery position

A

A position in which a patient WITH NO suspected spine injury will be placed, on his left side

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45
Q

Log roll

A

Method used to move a patient from prone position to the supine position

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46
Q

Transfer of care

A

Verbal or physical handing off of care from one health care provider to another

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47
Q

What is HYPOXIA

A

Condition which there is INSUFFICIENT SUPPLY OF OXYGEN in the blood or tissues

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48
Q

Respiratory Compromise

A

A general term used to describe when a patient IS NOT BREATHING ADEQUATELY

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49
Q

Respiratory distress

A

Breathing that becomes different or labored (DYSPNEA)

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50
Q

Respiratory failure

A

Inadequate respiratory rate and volume secondary to poor oxygenation

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51
Q

Respiratory arrest

A

The obscure of breathing. Also known as APNEA

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52
Q

DYSPNEA

A

Difficulty or Labored breathing

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53
Q

Rescuer breathing

A

Providing MANUAL VENTILATIONS for a patient who is not breathing or adequately NOT breathing on his own. Also known as PULMONARY RESUSCITATION

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54
Q

What is PULMONARY RESUSCITATION

A

The act of breathing for a patient who is unable to breath for themselves. It’s also called RESCUE BREATHING OR ARTIFICIAL VENTILATIONS

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55
Q

What is a CHAIN OF REACTION and what are the five links:

A

5 critical component that’s affect the chances of survival from a cardiac arrest

1:Early recognition and ACCESS TO EMS
2:Early CPR
3: Early Defibrillation
4: EARLY Advance Life Support
5:integrated post cardiac arrest care

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56
Q

Fibrillation

A

Disorganized electrical activity within the heart that render the heart unable to pump blood 🩸

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57
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

Disorganized electrical activity, causing ineffective contractions of the lower heart chambers (ventricles)

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58
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia

A

Abnormally RAPID contractions of the heart’s ventricles, resulting in poor circulations

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59
Q

Asystole

A

NO electrical activity in the heart. Also called “FLATLINE”

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60
Q

Basic life support

A

Externally supporting the circulation and respiration of a patient in respiratory or cardiac arrest through CPR

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61
Q

Mental status

A

General condition of a persons consciousness and awareness

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62
Q

Primary assessment

A

A quick assessment for the patient’s ABC and bleeding to detect and correct any immediate life threatening problems

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63
Q

Secondary assessment

A

A complete head to toe physical exam, including medical history

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64
Q

Reassessment

A

LAST part of patients assessment that includes REPEATING primary assessment

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65
Q

Focused secondary assessment

A

An examination conducted on a STABLE PATIENT, focusing on a specific injury or medical complain

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66
Q

Rapid secondary assessment

A

A head to toe assessment of the MOST CRITICAL patients

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67
Q

Tracheal Deviation

A

Shifting of the TRACHEA to either side of the midline of the neck caused by build up pressure inside of the chest (TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX)

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68
Q

Jugular Vein Distention

A

An ABNORMAL bodging of the vein on the neck indicating cardiac compromise or possible injury to the chest

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69
Q

Angina

A

Pain on the chest caused by a lack of sufficient blood and oxygen to the heart muscle

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70
Q

Heart attack (MI)

A

A condition that occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the heart is interrupted

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71
Q

Heart failure

A

A condition that develops when the heart is UNABLE TO PUMP BLOOD 🩸 efficiently., causing a back up of blood and other fluids within the circulatory system. It’s also called CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

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72
Q

Hypercarbia

A

ABNORMALLY HIGH level of Oxygen in the blood 🩸

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73
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)

A

General term used to describe a group of lung 🫁 diseases that cause distress and shortness of breath. BRONCHITIS and EMPHYSEMA are examples.

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74
Q

Emphysema

A

Progressive condition of the lung characterized by the distraction of the AVLVEOLI; a form of COPD 🫁

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75
Q

Altered mental status

A

State characterized by disease 🦠 in the patient’s alertness and responsiveness to his surroundings

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76
Q

Tonic muscle activity

A

STIFFENING of the muscle during a GENERALIZED SEIZURE. Most evident in arms and legs

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77
Q

Clonic muscle activity

A

The violent muscle jerking during a generalized seizure. Most evident in arms and legs

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78
Q

Generalized seizure

A

A type of seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and generalized muscle contractions

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79
Q

Partial seizure

A

A seizure characterized by a TEMPORARY LOSS OF AWARENESS

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80
Q

Partial Epilepticus

A

A life threatening condition that occurs when an individual HAS VERY LONG SEIZURES that occur in quick succession

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81
Q

Stroke

A

Conditions that occur when an area of the brain 🧠 doesn’t receive adequate supply of blood 🩸

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82
Q

HYPERglycemia

A

Abnormally HIGH blood sugar 🎂

83
Q

HYPOglycemia

A

An ABNORMALLY LOW blood sugar level 📉

84
Q

Heat cramps

A

Muscle cramps on the Lower limbs and abdomen associated with the LOSS OF FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES while ACTIVE IN A HOT 🥵 ENVIRONMENT

85
Q

Heat EXHAUSTION

A

Prolonged exposure to heat, which creates MOIST, PALE SKIN that may feel NORMAL OR COOL TO THE TOUCH

86
Q

Heat STROKE

A

Prolonged exposure to heat, which creates DRY OR MOIST SKIN that may feel WARM or HOT 🥵 TO THE TOUCH

87
Q

Shock

A

A condition that occurs when there is an inadequate supply of well-oxygenated blood to all the body systems.

It’s also called HYPERFUSION

88
Q

What is HYPOPERFUSION

A

Failure of the body’s circulatory system to provide an adequate supply of well oxygenated blood and nutrients to all vital organs

89
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Blockage of an artery in the lung 🫁

90
Q

Pericardial Tamponade

A

A condition that occurs when fluid accumulates in the sack surrounding the heart restricting the hearts ability to expand and contract

91
Q

Decompensated shock

A

A condition in which the body in no longer able to compensate for a lack of adequate perfusion

92
Q

Spinal motion restriction

A

The practice of using alternate methods of using spinal immobilization based on mechanism of injury and patient presentation

93
Q

Miscarriage

A

The spontaneous natural loss of the embryo or fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy

94
Q

Supine Hyposensitive syndrome

A

An abnormally low blood pressure that results when the mother is supine and the fetus puts pressure on the Vena Cava

95
Q

Preeclampsia

A

A potentially life threatening condition that affects the mother during the 3rd trimester and is characterized by high blood pressure and fluid retention

96
Q

Eclampsia

A

A life threatening condition for pregnant women characterized by seizures, coma and eventually death of both the mother and fetus

97
Q

Placenta previa

A

A condition that results when the placenta grows and develops over the cervix

98
Q

Placenta abruptio

A

A premature separation of the placenta from the uterus

99
Q

Pediatric assessment triangle
(PAT)

A

Tool used to form a general impression of a pediatric patient; the element of a PAT are Appearance, Work of breath, and circulation (perfusion)

AWC

100
Q

retractions

A

The inward movement of the soft tissue between the ribs when a child breaths in

101
Q

Due regards

A

The appropriate care and concern for the safety of others

102
Q

Incident command system (ICS)

A

A model tool for the command, controls and coordination of resources at the scene of a large-scale emergency involving multiple agencies. Also known as INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

103
Q

Incident commander

A

Individual responsible for all aspects of all emergency response

104
Q

START triage system

A

A system that uses respirations, perfusion and mental status assessment to categorize patients into one of four different categories.

105
Q

What does START stand for:

A

Simple Triage and Rapid System

106
Q

SALT triage system

A

Triage system used for determining patient treatment priority during mass casualty incidents.

107
Q

What does SALT stand for:

A

Sort, assess life saving Interventions and treatment/transportation

108
Q

Emphysema

A

Progressive condition of the lung characterized by the distraction of the Alveoli; a form of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 🦠 (COPD)

109
Q

Symptoms of Emphysema:

A

-moderate to severe shortness of breath
-very thin appearance
-barrel chest
-nonproductive cough
-extended exhalation
-pursed-lip breathing

110
Q

Hyperventilation symptoms

A

-Moderate to severe shortness of breath
-anxiety
-numbness or tingling of fingers, lips or toes
-chest discomfort

111
Q

Altered Mental Status (AMS)

A

-confusion
-incoherent speech
-drowsiness
-abnormal behavior
-lack of awareness of surrounding
-combativeness
-repetitive questions
-syncope (collapse or fainting)
-unresponsive

112
Q

What is Syncope

A

Fainting

113
Q

Diabetes

A

Usually refers to as diabetes mellitus, a disease that prevents individuals from producing enough insulin or from using insulin appropriately

114
Q

Diabetes signs and symptoms

A

-gradual onset of signs and symptoms over hours or days
-dry mouth and intense thirst
-abnormal pain and vomitus 🤮
-gradual increase in restlessness and confusion
-unresponsive with deep respirations, weak rapid pulse, dry red warm skin, shrunken eyes and fruity smell breath

115
Q

Heart failure

A

Develops when the heart is unable to pump blood 🩸 efficiently, causing a back up of blood and other fluids within the circulatory system

116
Q

Signs and symptoms for heart failure

A

-shortness of breath
-chest pain/discomfort
-rapid pulse rate
-edema on the lower extremities
-jugular vein dissension
-pale, moist skin
-AMS due to
Low due perfusion to the brain 🧠
Increased difficulty breathing while lying flat

117
Q

Signs and symptoms of COPD

A

-history of smoking
-persistent cough
-chronic shortness of breath
-pursed lip breathing
-tripod position
-fatigue
-tightness in the chest
-wheezing
-barrel chest

118
Q

Bronchitis

A

A condition of the lung characterized by the inflammation of the bronchial airway with mucus formation, a form of COPD

119
Q

Bronchitis sign and symptoms

A

-Overweight
-MILD TO MODERATE shortness of breath
-pale complexion
-productive cough
-wheezing

120
Q

Asthma

A

Condition affecting the lungs 🫁, characterized by narrowing of the airway passage and wheezing

121
Q

Asthma signs and symptoms

A

-Moderate to severe shortness of breath
-wheezing
-anxiety
-nonproductive cough

122
Q

Stress signs and symptoms

A

-irritation
-inability to concentrate
-difficult sleeping and nightmares
-loss of appetite
-low libido
-anxiety
-indecisiveness
-guilt
-isolation
-loss of interest in work or poor performance 🎭

123
Q

Partial airway obstruction

A

-increased work of breathing and cyanosis
-suorius
-gurgling
-strider
-wheezing

124
Q

Complete airway obstruction

A

UNABLE to 🗣️ SPEAK, BREATH OR COUGH 😷

Grabs the neck and open mouth

125
Q

Myocardial Infraction

A

-pain in chest and upper abdomen
-heartburn sensation
-pain behind the sternum
-vomitus
-general weakness

126
Q

Define shock

A

Condition that results when there is inadequate supply of well-oxygenated blood to all the systems

127
Q

Define stroke

A

Conditions that occur when an area of the brain 🧠 doesn’t receive adequate supply of blood 🩸

128
Q

Causes of cerebrovascular stroke area:

A
  1. Cerebrothrombosis (clot)
  2. Cerebral hemorrhage (rupture)
129
Q

What are ways for caring for a baby?

A

1.clearing the airway
2.make sure the baby is breathing
3.perform a quick assessment
4.clamp and tie off umbilical cord
5. Keep the baby warm

130
Q

Neonate vital signs

Breath, pulse and systole

A

Breath Pulse. Systole
40-60. 120-160 60-80

131
Q

For injury, you will use what account and what does it stand for:

A

DOTS

DEFORMITIES
OPEN WOUNDS
TENDERNESS
SWELLING

132
Q

How to access a vehicle:

A

-open the door
-through the window
-pry open the door
-cut through the metal

133
Q

Radiation

A

Without contact

134
Q

Conduction

A

With contact

135
Q

Convection

A

Air replacement surroundings

136
Q

Convection

A

Air replacement surrounding

137
Q

Evaporation

A

Perspiration, sweating

138
Q

Respiration

A

Breathing

139
Q

Temperature loss

A

Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Respiration

140
Q

Abrasion

A

Skin, elbows and knees

141
Q

Laceration

A

-Smooth cuts or incisions

-jagged cuts

142
Q

Punctures

A

Penetrating trauma 🗡️

143
Q

Avulsions

A

Tearing off of a large flap of skin 🥞

144
Q

Crash injuries 💥

A

Body parts pressed between 2 surfaces

145
Q

Hazard respond phrases

A

1.preparations
2.dispatch
3.en route to scene
4.at scene
5.transfer of care
6.postcall preparation

146
Q

Info need to provide during transfer

A

-nature and location
-type of material
-identification of products
-name of manufacturer
-type of container
-weather conditions
-estimate portable victims
-other problems at the scene

147
Q

Types of shock

A

Cardiogenic
Neurogenic
Hemorrgenic
Anaphylactic
Psychologic
Septic

148
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Pump failure of the heart

149
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

Damage of the spinal cord

150
Q

Hemorrgenic shock

A

Loss of blood

151
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

Allergic reaction

152
Q

Psychologic shock

A

Fear, nervous, fast dilation of vessels, faint

153
Q

Septic shock

A

Body infection

154
Q

CATEGORIES of shock. (4)

A

Cardiogenic
Distributive
Hypovolemic
Obstructive

155
Q

Cardiogenic

A

Pump failure of the heart

156
Q

Distributive

A

Excess dial at ion if vessels

157
Q

Hypovolemic

A

Low fluid volume

158
Q

Obstructive

A

Obstruction of the vessels

159
Q

Steps to caring for shock

A
  1. Primary assessment, open airway and adequate breathing
    2.control external breathing
    3.administer oxygen
    4.keep the patient supine
    5.reassure the patient and maintain temperature with a blanket
    6.continue to monitor and support ABCs
    7.DONT give anything by mouth 👄 and prepare for vomit 🤮
    8.monitor patients vitals EVERY 5 mins
160
Q

Types of burns

A

Heat burns 🥵 fire, hot object, steam
Chemical burns 🧪
Electrical burns 💡
Lightening burns ⚡️
Radiation burns ☢️ -nuclear source
Light burns - lazer, UV burns

161
Q

For chemical burns, you should flash water 🚿 for how many mins?

A

20 mins

162
Q

Position of comfort

A

-Cardiac compromise
-Respiratory compromise
-Stroke

163
Q

Recovery position

A

-AMS
-no suspected spinal injury

164
Q

Fowler and semi- Fowler position

A

-Chest pain

-Nausea

-Difficulty breathing

165
Q

Shock position is used when:

A

There is no injury

166
Q

Trendelenburg position is used for

A

-Shocks

-faints

-hemorrhage

167
Q

Administering rescue breaths

A

With pulse and NO BREATHING, administer 2 rescue breaths and then 10 - 20 breaths/min

Adult 👩 1 breath = 5 to 6 seconds

Infants 👶 = 1 breath every 2 - 3 seconds

168
Q

Ventilation

A

Endotracheal tube 8-10 —> 1/ 7’ - 6’
Adult/adolescent 10-12—> 1/6’ - 5’
Child/infant 12-20—> 1/5’ - 3’
Neonate 20-30 —-> 1/3’ - 2’

169
Q

How do you Handle Airway obstruction on a RESPONSIVE patient:

A

-Confirm the obstruction
-Position for Heimlich maneuver
-GIVE 5 abdominal thrusts

170
Q

Dealing with airway obstruction for an UNRESPONSIVE patient:

A

1.BSI/ scene safe
2.check for response
3.if unresponsive, activate 911
4.begin CPR
5.after each set of 30 compressions, check airway and remove object if visible
6.attempt 2 rescue breaths, if they don’t go, continue CPR with chest compressions

171
Q

When will you administer OXYGEN?

A

Cardiac arrest
Altered mental status
Abnormal vital signs
Significant MOI
Increased level of distress
Respiratory distress
Heart attack
Shock
Allergic reaction

172
Q

Methods to deliver OXYGEN

A

BLOW BY method - 15 LPM
NASAL CANULA - 1-6 LPM
Nonrebreather mask 😷 10-15 LPM

173
Q

Administer CPR if

A

No pulse

No breathing

174
Q

Cardiac compromise assessment

A
  1. ABC
    2.activate ALS and 911
    3.position of comfort (sitting position)
    4.administer oxygen if possible
  2. Reassure patients
175
Q

Use AED only if patient is

A

UNRESPONSIVE
NO CAROTID PULSE
No normal breathing

176
Q

AED helps correct what?

A

Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation

177
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia

A

Conditions where lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) beat very fast

178
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

Life threatening heart rhythm that results in a rapid, inadequate heartbeat

179
Q

Don’t stop _______ even for Endotracheal, stoma (advanced airways)

A

Compressions

180
Q

Steps for performing CPR

A

General impression
Check for responsiveness
ABC
Activate 911 and get AED
Begin chest compressions (5 cycles)

*advanced airway (Endotracheal, stoma) don’t stop compressions

181
Q

Respirations for infants and adults

A

1 breath every 2-3 seconds

1 breath every 6 second

182
Q

General principles for patient assessment

A

Don’t harm
Neutral status > important
Patients condition may change fast
Always assume spine injury
Monitor vital signs every 5 minutes
It it hurts, look at it

183
Q

Apneic

A

Stop breathing 😮‍💨

184
Q

DOTS

A

Deformities, open injuries, tenderness, swelling

185
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Discoloring of skin resulting from bleeding 🩸.. typically from underneath

186
Q

Periorbital echymosis

A

A good indicator that a skull fracture may be possible

187
Q

What causes STRIDOR

A

High pitch sound caused mostly by a foreign object

188
Q

Internal respiration

A

The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillary, red blood cells and tissue

189
Q

Hyponatramia

A

Levels of sodium in blood is too low. Ex. When athlete is lucking electrolytes

190
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

191
Q

ATaxic

A

A term for a group of disorder that’s affect coordination, balance and speech

192
Q

Orothpnea

A

Sensation of breathless in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing

193
Q

3 stages of birth

A

Uterus contracts and relax, pushing down cervix ends with birth, delivery of placenta

194
Q

Full term

A

38-40 weeks

195
Q

Trimester

A

3 months or pregnancy

196
Q

Gestation

A

Process of period of developing inside the womb between conception and birth

197
Q

When you are the first arriving unit, it is important to park the unit ____ feet before the MVA (motor vehicle accident)

A

50 ft

198
Q

You are responding to an accident with possible hazardous material involvement, hoe should EMS profession approach the area?

A

From upwind of the incident

199
Q

Caponometry

A

Non invasive measure if CO2 levels

200
Q

Supine hypo-sensitive syndrome

A

Gravid uterus compresses the inferior vena cava when the pregnant woman is supine position, leading to decrease Venus return centrally

201
Q

SLUDGEM

A

Salivation, lacrimation (tears) urination, defamation,gastroenteritis, emesis and mitosis (pupil constriction)

202
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Decreases blood pressure to the heart

203
Q

NFPA Chemical hazard chart

A

Red-flammability

Yellow- reactivity

Blue-health hazard

White-special considerations

NR-EMR (1 decks)

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