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LMUCVM Anatomy I > Encephalon > Flashcards

Encephalon Flashcards

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1
Q

The CNS consists of the _____ and _____.

A

encephalon; spinal cord (medulla spinalis)

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2
Q

The _____ nervous system consist of:
12 pairs of cranial nn.
36 pairs of spinal nn.
Nn & trunks of the ANS

A

peripheral

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3
Q

What is the proper anatomical term for the “spinal cord”?

A

medulla spinalis

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4
Q

The _____ nervous system is voluntary and is related to squeletic muscles.

A

somatic

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5
Q

The _____ nervous system is involuntary/visceral and is related to smooth m., the heart, and glands.

A

autonomic

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6
Q

The _____ _____ is not in the spinal cord but is present in the encephalon.

A

nucleus cortex

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7
Q

The following 2 features are associated with which embryonic layer?
-neural tissue
-epidermis

A

ectoderm

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8
Q

This embryonic layer develops into somites that differentiate into skeletal and m. tissues, notochord, blood vessels, dermis, and CTs:

A

mesoderm

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9
Q

This embryonic layer forms the epithelium of the digestive and respiratory systems, and organs associated with the digestive system, such as the liver and pancreas:

A

endoderm

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10
Q

The _____ _____ is formed in the ectoderm, dorsal to the notochord of the mesoderm.

A

neural plate

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11
Q

The cells in the neural plate form a _____ _____.

A

neural groove

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12
Q

The cells in the borders of the neural groove form the:

A

neural crests

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13
Q

The cells of neural crests will form most of the _____ nerve system, including ganglia and spinal nerves.

A

peripheral

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14
Q

When the rest of the neural groove cells close, they will form the _____ _____, including a neural canal in the middle.

A

neural tube

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15
Q

The neural tube will form the _____ nerve system, including the encephalon and spinal cord.

A

central

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16
Q

The neural canal expands in the encephalon and forms big cavities known as:

A

ventricles

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17
Q

The dorsal grey column is [sensory/motor].

A

sensory

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18
Q

The ventral grey column is [sensory/motor], and forms the horns of the spinal cord.

A

motor

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19
Q

Sensory nuclei are more [dorsal/ventral].

A

dorsal

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20
Q

Motor nuclei are more [dorsal/ventral].

A

ventral

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21
Q

The brainstem will have nuclei, but will not have:

A

horns

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22
Q

The anatomical name for the “midbrain” is:

A

mesencephalon

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23
Q

The anatomical name for the “hindbrain” is:

A

rhombencephalon

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24
Q

The anatomical name for the “forebrain” is:

A

prosencephalon

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25
Caudal to the brain, the neural tube becomes the:
spinal cord
26
What are the 3 enlargements of the neural tube?
prosencephalon; mesencephalon; rhombencephalon
27
The mesencephalon and rhombencephalon have _____/reflex functions.
autonomic
28
The rhombencephalon is attached to the:
spinal cord
29
The 3 enlargements of the neural tube form the:
encephalon
30
The neural tube is further divided into 5 main sections. What are these sections?
telencephalon; diencephalon; mesencephalon; metencephalon; myelencephalon
31
The prosencephalon forms the _____ and _____.
telencephalon; diencephalon
32
The rhombencephalon forms the _____ and _____.
metencephalon; myelencephalon
33
The telencephalon forms the _____ of the brain.
hemispheres
34
The diencephalon contains one of the most important nuclei related to pain, known as the:
thalamus
35
What is known as the "little brain"?
cerebellum
36
Which encephalon division has no secondary vesicles?
mesencephalon
37
This structure is related to the hypophysis (pituitary):
hypothalamus
38
The cerebrum is made up of the _____.
telencephalon
39
What division of the brain are the following associated with? -voluntary movements -movements from external sensations -thinking, learning, memory
cerebrum (telencephalon)
40
The following are part of which division of the brain? -diencephalon -mesencephalon -metencephalon -myelencephalon
brainstem
41
Which division of the brain are the following associated with? -autonomic (digestive, cardiovascular regulation, hormones) -sympathetic and parasympathetic -limbic reactions
brainstem
42
Which division of the brain are the following associated with? -"little brain" -fine motricity -balance
cerebellum
43
The myelencephalon is also known as the _____ _____.
medulla oblongata
44
The [ascending/descending] impulse toward the cortex from the myelencephalon/medulla oblongata -> consciousness.
ascending
45
The [ascending/descending] impulse from the cortex, to the spinal cord, from the myelencephalon/medulla oblongata, via the radial nerve -> voluntary movement.
descending
46
Cranial nerves VI-XII are related to which part of the brain?
myelencephalon/ medulla oblongata
47
What is the most important nerve in the myelencephalon/medulla oblongata?
vagus (CN X)
48
This is the first and most caudal portion of the neural tube, which is known as the floor of the IV ventricle.
rhomboid fossa
49
The rhomboid fossa is seen when the _____ is removed.
cerebellum
50
These are the "highway" for the descending motor neurons:
pyramids
51
Crossover of descending motor fibers. It is considered the boundary between the encephalon and spinal cord.
decussation of pyramids
52
This is the point of the largest crossover of upper motor neurons:
decussation of pyramids
53
True or false? 100% of the muscles from the left side have upper motor neurons on the opposite side (and vice versa).
true
54
Which part of the brain is associated with the following: -passage of ascending and descending projection neurons -arousal/awareness -UMN nuclei -CN V
pons/ ventral metencephalon
55
Which cranial nerve, one of the most elongated, is associated with the pons?
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
56
Each side of the pons has a connection with the:
cerebellum
57
The pons has _____ fibers.
transverse
58
This area is filled with cerebral spinal fluid:
rhomboid fossa (floor of IV ventricle)
59
What structure is on the side of the rhomboid fossa? (hint - "bunch of axons in CNS"
middle cerebellar peduncle
60
This part of the brain is associated with coordination of motor function:
cerebellum/ dorsal metencephalon
61
Folds of the cortex of the cerebellum (peripheral grey matter/neuron somas):
folias
62
What can we find next to the folias of the cerebellum?
grooves
63
Corresponds to the tree shape formation formed by the white matter (axons) found in the center of the cerebellum. (hint - very evident in sagittal section of organ)
arbor vitae
64
What does the "tree of life" refer to:
arbor vitae
65
This part of the cerebellum helps maintain a level of tonicity/contraction of muscle and aids in balance and position.
vermis
66
The size of cerebellar hemisphere depends on:
motricity
67
Our balance is related to the _____ ear.
inner
67
Helps with the coordination and movement related to motor skills, as well as maintaining posture, balance, and equilibrium.
cerebellum
68
Which part of the brain is associated with the following: -visual/auditory reflexes -arousal/awareness -CN III, IV
mesencephalon
69
What are the 2 nerves associated with the mesencephalon?
CN III and IV
70
The tectum of the mesencephalon has 4 formations known as:
colliculi
71
This structure is a tube/canal in the middle of the tectum and peduncle of the mesencephalon. It communicates with the 4th ventricle.
aqueduct
72
The rostral colliculi are associated with _____ reflexes.
visual
73
The caudal colliculi are associated with _____ reflexes.
auditory
74
Which part of the brain is associated with the following: -gateway/relay center to forebrain (b4 hemispheres reached) -autonomic/homeostatic control -arousal/awareness -CN II
diencephalon
75
Which nerve is associated with the diencephalon?
optic nerve (CN II)
76
The part of the diencephalon filters important sensations from receptors:
thalamus
77
This part of the diencephalon regulates the hypophysis, aka "the master gland":
hypothalamus
78
The _____ _____ is found dorsal and caudal to the epithalamus. It produces melatonin. The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone.
pineal gland
79
What part of the brain differentiates us from animals?
telencephalon
80
Which part of the brain is associated with the following: -receives/processes sensory input -voluntary motor control -integration of info -memory/storage -behavior -CN I
telencephalon
81
Which part of the brain allows us to understand death?
telencephalon
82
Superficial grey matter is associated with the [cortex/basal nuclei].
cortex
83
Deep grey matter is associated with the [cortex/basal nuclei].
basal nuclei
84
The [cortex/basal nuclei] has/have 6 or 3 layers of somas.
cortex
85
The [cortex/basal nuclei] regulate(s) our movements.
basal nuclei
86
The [cortex/basal nuclei] isare only in the hemisphere and cerebellum.
cortex
87
What are the 3 types of fibers of the telencephalon?
association; projection; commissurals
88
These fibers associate areas in the same side (ipsilateral):
association
89
These fibers communicate superior with inferior areas and vice versa:
projection
90
These fibers communicate contralateral areas, right with left and vice versa:
commissural
91
Primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres:
corpus callosum
92
Group of subcortical nuclei within the brain responsible mainly for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions, emotional behaviors, reward/reinforcement, addictive behaviors, and habit formation:
basal nuclei
93
Basal nuclei modify _____.
movements
94
The _____, also called the isocortex, or 6-layered cortex, is the cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands or spatial reasoning.
neocortex/neopallium
95
The _____ and _____ are parts of the phylogenetically oldest region of the brain's cerebral cortex. It is often considered contiguous with the olfactory cortex
arquipallium; paleopallium
96
This system is described by a group of brain structures involved in behavioral and emotional responses, especially for survival, feeding, reproduction, and caring for our young, and our fight or flight response:
limbic system
97
The limbic system is also in charge of _____ term memory.
short
98
The limbic system can take control of the _____ cortex.
voluntary
99
What is an important structure in the brain that is part of the limbic system?
hippocampus

LMUCVM Anatomy I (7 decks)

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