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Encor Flashcards

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1
Q

Cati bytes are headerul GRE?

A

4 bytes

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2
Q

Cand folosesti GRE, cati bytes se adauga packet-ului in total?

A

24 bytes. 4 Gre Header, 20 New IP Header

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3
Q

La cat ar trebui sa setezi MTU daca folosesti GRE?

A

1476 bytes

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4
Q

Ce este Tcp Mss?

A

Tcp maximum size. Reprezinta cantitatea maxima de date pe care un host o poate primi intr-un singur tcp segment

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5
Q

Unde pot specifica hosturile MSS-ul ?

A

In Syn si Syn Ack

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6
Q

Daca nu isi specifica MSS-ul un host, care sunt valorile default?

A

Ipv4: 536 bytes
Ipv6: 1220 bytes

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7
Q

Cisco Ios devices specify an Mss of x bytes for devices in the same network and y bytes for devices in another network. What are the values of x and y?

A

X= 1460
Y= 536

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8
Q

In centralized CEF the CEF forwarding decisions are perforned on the…?

A

RP/RSP card

RP= Route processor card
RSP= Route switch processor card

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9
Q

Software based routers au control plane si data plane shared?

A

Da

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10
Q

Hardware based routers au control plane si data plane shared?

A

Nu. Separate

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11
Q

Who handles the Control Plane on Hardware Based Routers?

A

The CPU

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12
Q

Hardware based routers forwards packets using …?

A

ASIC.

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13
Q

Software Based routers control plane is in the Cpu?

A

Yes. Data plane also

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14
Q

In hybrid routers who handles the control plane? What about the Data plane?

A

The CPU.
The NP - Network Processor

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15
Q

What are the two components of CEF?

A

The FIB - Forwarding Information Base
The Adjency table

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16
Q

The fib takes its information using the..?

A

RIB - routing information base

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17
Q

The adjaceny table takes its information using the…

A

ARP Table

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18
Q

In software CEF where are stored the fib and adj table? Who processes the software CEF?

A

In the RAM
The CPU

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19
Q

In Hardware CEF where are stored the FIB and the Adj Table?
Who proccesses Hardware CEF?

A

The FIB is stored in TCAM and the Adj Table in a separate standalone memory.
The ASIC

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20
Q

Cate switchuri permite in stack Virtual Switching System (VSS)?

A

2

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21
Q

In Distributed CEF (dCEF), the CEF forwarding decisions are performed on each …?

A

Line Card. The Line cards each store a copy of the FIB and Adj table

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22
Q

What kind of traffic passes through the VSL?

A

VSS Control Traffic: Traffic used to establish and maintain the VSS

Data Traffic: when traffic received on one member must be sent out of an interface on the other member

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23
Q

In cazul VSS ( Virtual Switching System) ce anume se formeaza intre SW-uri pentru a crea stack-ul?

A

VSL - Virtual Switch Link

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24
Q

Care sunt protocoalele componente lui VLSP?

A

LMP si RRP
LMP Link Management Protocol
RRP Role Resolution Protocol

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25
Ce functii performeaza LMP?
Verifies link integrity by establishing bidir traffic Exchanges switch IDs Exchanges other required information
26
Ce functii performeaza RRP?
Determina daca versiunile software si hardware ale switchurilor sunt compatibile Determina active si standby switch
27
In cate moduri se poate ridica stackul in Vss?
1. RPR - Route Processor Redundancy - switchul standby nu poate forwarda trafic (control plane, mng plane, data plane sunt in standby) 2. Nsf/Sso - switchul standby forwardeaza trafic (Control plane, mng plane standby, data plane fwd)
28
In StackWise ce protocol se foloseste pentru a descoperi topologia stack?
SDP - Stack Discovery Protocol - broadcasteaza mesajele prin stack connections
29
Cate switchuri suporta stackwise virtual?
2
30
VSLP has two component protocols
LMP - Link Management Protocol RRP - Role Resolution Protocol
31
What are the functions of LMP?
Verifies the link integrity by establishing bidrectional traffic forwarding Exchanges switch Ids - they should be different Exchanges other required information
32
What are the functions of RRP?
Determines if the hardware and software versions of the switches are compatible Determines the active and standby switch
33
In VSS WHAT ARE THE TWO MODES A STack can come up?
RPR - Route Processor Redundancy NF/SSO - Non Stoo Forwarding / Stateful Switchover
34
In RPR mode how are the planes of the standby switch?
All in standby (control, management, data plane)
35
In NF/SSO how are the planes of the standby switch?
Management and control plane in standby. Data plane is forwarding
36
Ce proces de selectie exista in Stackwise pentru a determina Active si Standby switch?
Highest priority ( 1 e default, 15 e cea mai mare) Lowest MAC Address Acelasi proces se repeta si pentru electia Standby switch.
37
Ce lungime au cablurile Stack
0,5m , 1m, 3m
38
Ce protocol foloseste Stackwise pentru a determina switchurile?
Stack Discovery Protocol (SDP)
39
Cum se conecteaza switchurile in StackWise Virtual?
Cu SVL - StackWise Virtual Link
40
Ce trafic trece prin SVL?
Control traffic : se foloseste pentru a stabili domeniul StackWise Virtual Data traffic: cand traficul primit pe un membru trebuie sa fie trimis pe interfata celuilalt membru
41
Ce protocoale componente are SVL?
LMP si SDP
42
Cate moduri de Route Processor Redundancy sunt?
HSA - High System Availability RPR - Route Processor Redundancy RPR + STATEFUL SWITCHOVER (SSO) Non stop forwarding (NSF) Graceful Restart (GR NSR - Non Stop Routing
43
Ce inseamna SDM si ce face?
Switch Database Management. Te ajuta sa aloci din memoria TCAM pentru diferite scopuri
44
Destination unreachable este ICMP Type ..?
Type 3
45
Ce coduri are Icmp destination unreachable?
Cod 0 - destination network unreachable Cod 1 - destination host unreachable Cod 2 - destination protocol unreachable Cod 3 - destination port unreachable Cod 4 - Fragmentation needed and DF bit set Cod 13 - Communication administratively prohibited
46
ICMP type 5 este ?
Redirect
47
Ce coduri are ICMP Type 5?
Cod 0 - Redirect for network Cod 1 - Redirect for host Cod 2 - Redirect for ToS and network Cod 3 - Redirect for ToS and host
48
Time exceeded este ICMP Type ..?
Type 11
49
Ce coduri are ICMP TYPE 11?
Cod 0 - TTL exceeded in transit Cod 1 - Fragment reassembly time exceeded
50
Icmp echo request este Type ..? Dar icmp echo reply?
Echo request este Type 8 Echo reply este Type 0
51
Cati bytes si ce fielduri are headerul de ICMP?
Are 8 bytes. Type - 1 byte Code - 1 byte Header checksum - 2 bytes Rest of header - 4 bytes
52
Ce cod au Icmp echo reply si echo request?
Cod 0
53
Spune-mi tipurile de ICMPv6
Type 1 - Destination unreachable Type 2 - Packet too big Type 3 - Time exceeded Type 128 - Echo request Type 129 - Echo reply Type 133 - Router solicitation Type 134 - Router advertisment Type 135 - Neighbour solicitation Type 136 - Neighbour advertisment Type 137 - Redirect
54
Cate tipuri de PA exista in BGP?
Well known mandatory Well known discretionary Optional transitive Optional non-transitive
55
Ce TTL este setat in iBGP?
255 by default
56
Ce TTL este setat in eBGP by default?
TTL 1
57
Tipurile de mesaje din BGP si ce fac
Open - Sets up and establishes the BGP Adjacency Update - Updates, withdraws , advertises routes Notification - Indicates an error condition to a BGP neighbor Keepalive - Ensures that the BGP neighbors are still alive
58
In BGP OpenSent state ce anume se verifica?
BGP Versions must match The source IP in the message must match the one configuted for the neighbor The AS number in the message must match the one configured for the neighbor BGP RID must be unique Security parameters must match
59
Hold time pentru Bgp este!?
180 secunde
60
In BGP the default keepalive timer is?
60 de secunde. O treime din hold time
61
BGP Neighbor states
Idle Connect Active OpenSent OpenConfirm Established
62
In BGP Connect neighbor state who manages the connection?
The neighbor with the highest IP address
63
La ce se refera BGP identifier?
La RID - router ID Se alege manual Highest L0 Highest IP Add
64
Well known mandatory BGP PA Attributes:
Next-Hop – Specifies the next-hop IP address for reaching the advertised prefix. (Modified in eBGP, not in iBGP by default.) • AS-Path – Lists the AS numbers that a route has traversed. Used for loop prevention (shorter AS-Path is preferred). • Origin – Indicates how the route was learned: • i (IGP) – Originated via a network statement in BGP (most preferred). • e (EGP) – Learned via the obsolete Exterior Gateway Protocol. • ? (Incomplete) – Learned via redistribution (least preferred).
65
Well known discretionary BGP PA Attributes
Local Preference – Used within an AS to prefer certain paths (higher is better). Default is 100. • Atomic Aggregate – Indicates that route summarization has occurred.
66
Optional Transitive Attributes
Aggregator – Identifies the router (ASN and IP) that performed aggregation. • Community – Tags routes for policy enforcement (e.g., traffic engineering).
67
Optional Non Transitive Attributes
Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED) – Suggests which path should be preferred when entering an AS (lower is better). • Originator ID – Used in Route Reflector (RR) topologies to track the original router advertising the route. • Cluster List – Also used in RR topologies to prevent routing loops.
68
BGP best path selection criteria:
Prefer the highest Weight (Cisco-specific) • The higher the weight, the better. This is a local parameter on Cisco routers. 2. Prefer the highest Local Preference (LOCAL_PREF) • Higher values are preferred. This attribute is shared within an AS (Autonomous System). 3. Prefer the path originated by the local router (Next-hop = 0.0.0.0 in BGP table) • If a route originates from the local router (using network or redistribute command), it is preferred. 4. Prefer the shortest AS_PATH • The path with the fewest AS numbers (hops) is preferred. 5. Prefer the lowest Origin code • BGP origin codes: • IGP (i) – Most preferred • EGP (e) – Less preferred • Incomplete (?) – Least preferred (redistributed routes) 6. Prefer the lowest MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator) • Lower values are preferred. MED is exchanged between ASes to influence inbound traffic. 7. Prefer eBGP over iBGP paths • Routes learned from an external BGP (eBGP) peer are preferred over internal BGP (iBGP) peers. 8. Prefer the path with the lowest IGP metric to the BGP next-hop • The internal routing protocol (like OSPF or EIGRP) determines the best internal path to reach the next-hop. 9. Prefer the oldest path • Helps maintain stability by selecting the route that has been in the BGP table the longest. 10. Prefer the path with the lowest neighbor BGP router ID • If multiple paths are still valid, the one from the router with the lowest BGP router ID is chosen. 11. Prefer the path with the lowest neighbor IP address • If all other attributes are equal, the tie-breaker is the lowest BGP neighbor IP.
69
DTP HELLO AND HOLD TIMERS
30 seconds and 300 seconds
70
71
Cate tipuri de BPDU exista?
Doua. Topology Change Notification (TCN) Configuration( Topology Change Acknowledgement - TCA, si TC)
72

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