enculturation Flashcards
(22 cards)
aim of martin and haverson
To investigate the roles of gender schema on a child’s ability to recall information that was not consistent with their gender schema
participants of martin and halverson
- 48 children
- 24b/24g
- 5-6yrs
- Enrolled in local kindergartens
what type of study is martin and halverson
- experimental
- independent
- cross sample
procedure of martin and halverson
- Given a SERLI to assess gender stereotyping before the experiment
- Presented 16 pictures 1 at a time
- Shown images of kids in role with gender schemas (girl + doll ect) and not in line
- identify the sex; boy girl woman or man
- Didn’t know during the time they would have to remember the images
- 1 week later, they were asked to recall what they had seen using a probed recall technique
- Asked about 24 pictures, 8 unseen to check for response bias; just guessing or saying they saw it when they didn’t
- Asked: ‘do you remember seeing a picture of something doing (playing with dolls) in the picture i showed you last week?’
- remember boy, girl, man, woman or not sure
- Confidence 1-4
results martin and halvseron
- Female pics; consistent actions were remembered more
- Men pics; inconsistent acts were remembered more
- For inconsistent pictures; children were more likely to mess up their memory; eg if the girl was holding the hammer in the picture, they remembered it as a man
conclusion martin and halverson
Indicates that male stereotyping may be stronger
Stereotypes affect encoding and retrieval of information
strengths martin and halverson
- standardized can be replicated
- Controlled for response bias by having fake images and the levels of confidence
-Did not restrict them to answer boy girl they had 5 options
weaknesses martin and halverson
- Low ecological validity due to its highly artificial nature
- The responses found in the SERLI did not align with that of the distortion of memory of the images, therefore the operation os schema, questionable
- cross sectional is problematic as it doesnt asess the development of schema and effect on behavior
aim of hillard and liben
How can social category and salience play a role on the development of steryotes and in group behavior for primary school children
participants hillard and liben
57 us children
3y1m - 5y6m
experimntal style hillard and liben
- pre post test
- experimental
- feild experiment
procedure of hillard and liben
- Each child took a test POAT-AM to measure gender flexibility
- Shown activities and occupations and asked which gender ‘should’ perform it
22 boy activities
20 girl activities
24 neutral activities - The number of ‘boths’ was calculated and the lower it was indicated more gender stereotypes
- Play was observed to see if they played with boys or girls
Schools were allocated to
- High salience; children were made aware of their gender by actions such as separating sexes i need a strong boy ect
- Low salience; no instruction to change behaviours, control group
- the study lasted 2 weeks
results hillard and liben
- In the pre test levels of boths were similar
- After 2 weeks the high salience school has a lower number of boths
- In the low salience group the time playing with the out group, other sex, was not altered
- In the high salience group the time playing with the out group, other sex, decreased massivley
conclusion of hillard and liben
The use of enforcing gender differences, mentioning gender and separating gender played a role on the children’s stereotyping levels and even the treatment to other students
strengths of hillard and liben
- High ecological validity because it was done in a natural environment, meaning it can be applied to real situations
- A cause and effect relationship is indicated
weaknesses of hillard and liben
- Low internal validity, all variables cannot be strictly controlled, they are less certain
- Sampling bias the preschool was not free meaning they are middle upper
- The school had a gender neutrality policy, implying certain standards within the parents making generalizability hard
- Struggle to assess a child’s salience of the matter
- Though debriefing occurred, it is dangerous to manipulate such behaviours in children
aim fagot
How does the way parents communicate with their children influence enculturation o gender norms
participants and experiment fagot
24 families 12 boys 12 girls - one child between 20 and 24 months
Both parents love at home and are between 20 and 30
All families white and lived in uni housing 5, apartment 6, rest house. Some parents students some not, varied income
Overt naturalistic observation
prcedure fagot
Checklist had 46 behavhiours to observe and 19 reactions
60 minute observations completed over 5 weeks
Time sampling making notes every 60 s of both behavioye and response
Two observed were used to establish inter corder reliability
Agreement children - 0.93
Parent agreement - 0.83
After this parents were asked to rate the 46 behavhours as boy, girl, or neutral and a questionnaire on the socilization of sex roles meaning how they teach their chlren on sex roles
results fagot
Boys were more likely to be left alone by their parents than girls.
Parents gave boys more positive responses when they played with blocks than they did girls.
Parents gave girls more negative responses when they manipulated an object than they did boys.
Parents gave more positive responses to girls than boys for playing with dolls and more negative responses to boys.
Parents criticized girls more when they participated in large motor activities – e.g. running and jumping.
Parents gave more positive responses to girls than boys when they asked for help and a more negative response to boys.
Fathers were more concerned with appropriate sex-typing than mothers and both parents found more behaviors appropriate for girls only than for boys only.
Parents reacted significantly more favorably to the child when the child was engaged in same-sex preferred behavior; children were more likely to receive negative responses to cross-sex-preferred behaviors. Parents gave girls more positive responses when they engaged in adult-oriented, dependent behavior.
On the questionnaire, parents did not see asking for help as a sex-preferred behavior; however, they were more likely to act positively toward a girl than a boy asking for help. This suggests that the parents were not fully aware of the methods they use to socialize their children.
strengths fagot
The study was naturalistic, done in the natural environment of the family, rather than in a lab. The study has high ecological validity.
The use of two observers means that we can verify that the observations are not influenced by personal biases. There is high inter-rater reliability, meaning that they both recorded the same data during the observations.
Bbb
weakneses fagot
The study suffers from sampling bias. The families were all linked to the university, they were all white and they were all American. In addition, 24 families is a very small sample. The ability to generalize from this sample is limited.
The researchers found a short list of behaviors that result in the parents criticizing the child. However, the families knew that they were being watched. This means that they have demonstrated demand characteristics. In reality, there may be more or fewer behaviors that the parents would normally criticize when they are not being observed.
