End of Cold War tensions in Asia, the Americas and Africa

Question 1

What was the position of the USSR and Afghanistan in 1982?

Answer 1

Politburo understood they could not win the war
- Brezhnev doctrine did not allow withdrawal

Question 2

What were the reasons for Gorbachev withdrawing from Afghanistan?

Answer 2

• US supply of weapons to Mujaheddin
• Large casualty and opposition existed due to glasnost

Question 3

When did withdrawal begin in Afghanistan and when did the final troops leave?

Answer 3

Began - 1988
Left - 1989

Question 4

Why did the US overall develop policies away from America?

Answer 4

• No longer strategically important
• Also support lost from Communists

Question 5

How many governments had USA brought down in America?

Answer 5

24

Question 6

Who were the 2 sides in Nicaragua?

Answer 6

Contras and Sandinista

Question 7

Who did US reduce finance to in Nicaragua
1980s?

Answer 7

Contras

Question 8

What was the agreement between Contras and Sandinista in 1980s?

Answer 8

Agreed ceasefire
- Elections 25 Feb 1990

Question 9

What did the US do in terms of Nicaragua’s government?

Answer 9

With US support, 14 Sandinista opposition parties were est around a single presidential candidate
- Chamorra as candidate

Question 10

What was Chamorro provided in Nicaragua?

Answer 10

Chamorro was given over $1 million in financial support from the US and Venezuela
- US key to election success

Question 11

When did US politicians remove aid?

Answer 11

1992

Question 12

What were the consequences in Nicaragua?

Answer 12

Civil war ended and economy severely damaged by Chamorro’s policies

Question 13

What party was elected in El Salvador 1984 and who?

Answer 13

Christian Democrat Party - Jose Napoleon Duarte

Question 14

How did the US support JND’s campaign?

Answer 14

$6 million

Question 15

What were the FMLN doing in El Salvador 1980s?

Answer 15

FMLN (coalition of left guerrilla groups with support from the USSR and Cuba) continued actions against the military

Question 16

How did US react to FMLN in El Salvador?

Answer 16

Provided military assistance to prevent communism spread

Question 17

When was the amnesty law in El Salvador?

Answer 17

1987

Question 18

What was the amnesty law in El Salvador?

Answer 18

Intended to release those falsely accused from prison

Question 19

When were the peace accords in El Salvador?

Answer 19

1992

Question 20

How did the USA influence peace accords in El Salvador?

Answer 20

US was uncomfortable to support the Salvadoran Army and encouraged the gov to begin negotiations.

Question 21

What were the consequences in El Salvador?

Answer 21

Civil War ended in 1992
- 1994 path to democracy

Question 22

How was Cuba affected by the collapse of Communism?

Answer 22

Lost funding
- Castro wanted to continue communism but needed economic changes

Question 23

How did Cuba improve the economy?

Answer 23

Diversify trading partners
- Sugar exported to China and engaged with Europe and Canada

Question 25

What was the impact of Cuba's economic struggles on other countries?

Answer 25

Stopped assisting other countries so led to the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Africa and lessen number of medical and infrastructure experts

Question 26

When did Gorbachev announce reducing aid for MPLA in Angola?

Answer 26

December 1986

Question 27

What did USSR provide to MPLA?

Answer 27

$1 billion of arms

Question 28

Who did USA support after stopping MPLA and who were they?

Answer 28

UNITA - Nationalist faction in the Civil War

Question 29

How did USSR attempt to end civil war in Angola?

Answer 29

Encouraged major offensive against UNITA in Sep 1987

Question 30

How was the USSR's attempt in Angola undermined?

Answer 30

South Africa sent troops - May 1988 South Africa agreed to negotiations

Question 31

When was the civil war ended in Angola?

Answer 31

December 1988

Question 32

When Somalia initially invaded Ogadon who did the USSR and Cuba suppor?

Answer 32

Ethiopia under Mengistu Haile Mariamn (PDR of Ethiopia) - Economic and military assistance

Question 33

When did the PDR of Ethiopia assume power and who did they recieve aid from?

Answer 33

May 1991 - Assistance from the US - Rejection of former communist regime even if they did not align with ideology