end of topic test Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
what does the university of Portsmouth (2012) say about social class and crime?
A
- estimates only 1.5% of fraud is reported and only 0.4% ever receive a criminal sentence
- more lenient to m/c
2
Q
what does official stats say about class?
A
- higher rates of offending amongst the w/c
3
Q
why might official stats be right?
A
- W/C areas policed more (Croall, 2011)
- W/C are more visible e.g. burglary as opposed to fraud
4
Q
what do Marxists say about social class?
A
- CJS is positively biased towards m/c and u/c
- M/C can afford better lawyers, pay bills
- corporate crime not punished as harshly
5
Q
University of Portsmouth of fraud in UK?
A
- cost of fraud could be as high as £193 billion per year
- compared to burglaries at £2.2 million
6
Q
what does Sutherland say about WCC?
A
- committed mainly by M/C / U/C
7
Q
what are types of WCC?
A
- occupational crime
- professional crime
- corporate crime
- computer crime
8
Q
what is occupational crime?
A
- carried out by ind. in work place
- e.g. theft, fraud
9
Q
what is professional crime?
A
- carried out as lifetime career
10
Q
what is corporate crime?
A
- carried out by directors
- e.g. in order to increase profits
11
Q
what is computer crime?
A
- carried out using a computer
- e.g. cyber crime
12
Q
why do sociologists argue WCC is often ‘invisible’?
A
- media covers more W/C crime
- politicians focus more on street crime/ignore WCC
- WCC often goes unreported
13
Q
stats on gender and crime- women?
A
- around 1 in 5 arrests are females
- by the age of 40 only 9% of women have a criminal conviction compared to 32% of men
- women contribute to 5% of prison pop
14
Q
what is the liberation thesis? (Adler 1975)
A
- women are increasingly freeing themselves from patriarchal control, led to increase in female offending
15
Q
how are things changing with women and crime?
A
- female offending has gone up
- now commit ‘male’ offences e.g. WCC, street violence, assault
- growth of girl gangs
16
Q
evaluation of Liberation thesis?
A
- between 1980-2017, incarcerated women increased y 750%
17
Q
what do functionalists say for women committing less crime?
A
- Parsons, girls are socialised to be caring and nurturing
- whereas boys encouraged to be more risk taking
18
Q
evaluation of functionalist views on women and crime?
A
- rejected by feminists as it makes biological assumptions
19
Q
what does Heidensohn(1996) say why women commit less crime?
A
- patriarchal control over women controls their behaviour
- housework leaves them with few opportunities to commit
- face greater shame/stigma for committing
20
Q
what is the chivalry thesis?(Pollak(1950)
A
- CJS more lenient towards women than men
- may commit more crime than official stats show
- more likely to be given caution
21
Q
evaluation of chivalry thesis?
A
- Feminists argue courts are biased against women
- ‘double deviance’
- breaking law and traditional gender roles, get harsher sentence (Stewart, 2006)
22
Q
Messershmidt (1993) on crime, males?
A
- men commit more crime as a way of achieving ‘masculinity’
23
Q
white W/C youths less likely to achieve?
A
- oppose authority for masculinity in and out of schools
24
Q
reasons for male offending?
A
- peer pressure/subcultures
- gender socialisation
- unemployment
- labelling
25
why might peer pressure lead to male offending?
- likely to socialise in groups and commit crime as a way of gaining status/respect (Cloward)
26
why might gender socialisation lead to male offending?
- crime reinforces traditional gender identity for men
| - crime is part of masculinity/gender identity (Messerschmidt)
27
why might unemployment lead to male offending?
- men are expected to be breadwinner
| - with lack of jobs some turn to crime as an alternative source of finance
28
what did Winlow study?
- found bouncers were given chances to use violence to assert masculinity and chances for petty crime e.g. selling drugs
29
stats for ethnicity and crime?
- black people make up just 3% of the population, but 13.1% of prison pop
- 1 in 3 likely hood of lifetime in prison for a black man compared to 1 in 17 in for white man (America)
30
what is a victim survey?
- asks individuals to say what crimes they've been victims off
31
what are self report studies?
- asks individuals to disclose their own dishonest and violent behaviour
32
institutional racism (Philips and Bowling, 2012)
- police/courts hold negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities
- linked to labelling theory (Becker)
33
what does institutional racism lead to?
- targeted stop and search
- higher rate of arrest and charges
- more and harsher sentences
34
left realism (Lea and Young) on ethnicity and crime?
- see crime as a result of relative deprivation and marginalisation
- ethnic minorities face higher levels of unemployment/poverty
- leads to higher levels of utilitarian crime
35
Brixton riots and ethnicity?
- operation 'swamp', stop and search
- 5 days , 1000 people stopped
- tensions between black men and police
36
neo-marxists explanations of crime? ethnicity
- black people were criminalised by the justice system, targeted more
- ethnic minorities acts of resistance against a racist/oppressive system
37
Hall et all: moral panic(1979)
- moral panic was created about black crime at the same time British capitalism faced a crisis (unemployment)
- government scapegoated black youths to distract from real problem
38
what is police recorded crime PRC?`
- crime recorded/reported by the police (govt stats)
39
pro of PRC?
- reliable
| - large scale
40
con of PRC?
- no valid
| - (no unreported crime)
41
whats a self report survey?
- anonymous questionnaires for people to say what crimes they've done
42
what are victim surveys?
- asks people about crimes they've experienced e.g. British crime survey
43
pro of victim survey?
- shows the hidden figure of crime
44
con of victim survey?
- lying/exaggerating
| - Hawthorne effect
45
why might many crimes go unreported?
- fear/stigma, don't know they're a victim, not always easy to identify, embarrassment
46
what do official crime stats do?
- show patterns and trends in offending
| - primary source of quantitative data
47
why use official statistics?
- quantitative data
- valid
- cheap and easy
- large amounts of information
- representative
48
advantages of victim surveys?
- uncover some of the hidden figure
- more accurate figure of crime
- includes crimes not reported
49
disadvantages of victim surveys?
- doesn't survey all crime, e.g. against homeless
- people still may not admit to being a victim
- victims memory may be inaccurate
- people may not be aware they're a victim
50
what are advantages of self-report surveys?
- uncover hidden figure
- find out about hidden offenders
- find out about victimless crimes
51
disadvantages of self report surveys?
- may lie/exaggerate
| - usually on young people/students
