End of Year Exam Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What is number 1? What does it do?
A
Ear Canal. Channels sound from outside to the eardrum.
2
Q
What is number 2? What does it do?
A
Inner Ear. A sealed cavity with a fixed air pressure. The ear drum presses down/stretches out and moves, it changes the pressure in the ear, causing the cillia to move.
3
Q
What is number 3? What does it do?
A
Auditory Nerve. Transmits nerve signals from the cochlea to the brain, where the sound can be processed.
4
Q
What is number 4? What does it do?
A
Cochlea. The Cochlea uses little hairs called cillia which move and convert movement into electrical signals which are passed to the auditory nerve.
5
Q
What is number 5? What does it do?
A
Eustachian Tube. To maintain the correct air pressure for normal hearing.
6
Q
What is number 6? What does it do?
A
Middle Ear. The bones move which create changes in pressure.
7
Q
What is number 7? What does it do?
A
Eardrum. The sound travels untill it hits the eardrum causing it to move and vibrate.
8
Q
What is number 8? What does it do?
A
Pinna. It collects sound and acting as a funnel amplifies this and directs it to the auditory canal.
9
Q
What is the order of processes sound takes through the ear.
A
Pinna, Auditory/Ear Canal, Ear drum, Middle Ear (Bones -Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup), Inner Ear, Cochlea, Auditory Nerve.
10
Q
Identify the concave and convex mirrors.
A
Convex is on the left and Concave is on the right.
11
Q
How does a concave mirror reflect light?
A
The ray diagram shows that concave mirrors reflect light rays inwards. This causes the reflected rays to converge towards a focal point.
12
Q
How does a convex mirror reflect light?
A
The ray digram shows that light rays are reflected outwards by convex mirrors. The reflected rays diverge so there is no focal point in front of the mirror.
13
Q
What is refraction?
A
Refraction is light hitting an object and being refracted through the object so the light comes out the other side. Refraction is the beding of light as it changes medium from less to more dense vice-versa. The angle gets smaller when going from a less dense to more dense environemtn. The angle gets bigger when going from a more dense to less dense environment.
14
Q
Draw a ray diagram showing refraction.
A
15
Q
What is number 1?
A
The angles of incidence.
16
Q
What is number 2?
A
The normal.
17
Q
What is number 3?
A
The angle of reflection.
18
Q
What is number 4?
A
The reflected ray.
19
Q
What is number 5?
A
The mirror.
20
Q
What is number 6?
A
The incident ray.
21
Q
What is specular (regular) reflection?
A
If a bundle of light rays is incident upon a smooth surface, then the light rays reflect and remain in a bundle upon leaving the surface
22
Q
What is diffuse reflection?
A
Reflection off rough surfaces such as clothing, paper, and concrete leads to a type of reflection known as diffuse reflection. If a bundle of light rays is incident to a rough surface, the light rays will reflect and diffuse in many different directions.
23
Q
What does ROY G BIV stand for?
A
The colours of the rainbow. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.
24
Q
What are the three primary colours?
A
Red, green, and blue.
25
What do you get when you mix red with green?
Yellow.
26
What do you get when you mix red with blue?
Magenta.
27
What do you get when you mix green with blue?
Cyan.
28
Explain how we see colour.
In normal light, all of the reds, greens & blues, shine onto the object. The colours reflected off the object into our eye determines the colour we see. Different sustances within a surface determine what gets absorbed, reflected, or transmitted.
29
What is white light made up of?
Red, green and blue.
30
Explain why a mug would look white.
White light radiates from a light source and strikes the surface of the mug. No colours are absorbed by the surface, so all colours are reflected into our eyes. Our eyes mix together all the colours and the mug is seen as white.
31
Explain why a mug would look red.
White light, a mixture of red, blue and green, radiates from a light source and hits the mug. Whilst blue and green are absorbed by the surface, red light is reflected off the surface and into our eyes. Our eyes therefore see the mug as red.
32
Explain why a mug would look yellow.
White light, a mixture of red, blue and green, radiates from a light source and strikes the surface of the mug. Whilst blue light is absorbed by the surface, red and green light are reflected off the surface into our eyes. Red and green light are mixed together by our eyes and we see a yellow mug.
33
Explain why a mug would look black.
Red light radiates from a light source and strikes the surface of the mug. Red light is absorbed by the green surface so no light is reflected off the surface into our eyes. We therefore see the mug as black.
34
Explain why a lemon would look red.
Magenta light, a mixture of red and blue light, radiates from a light source and strikes the surface of the lemon. Whilst the lemon absorbs the blue light, the red light is reflected off the lemon into our eyes. We therefore see a red lemon.
35
Draw a particle diagram for a gas.
36
Draw a particle diagram for a liquid.
37
Draw a particle diagram for a solid.
38
What are the properties of a liquid?
39
What does atomic number mean?
An element's or isotope's atomic number tells how many protons are in its atoms.
40
What does mass number mean?
An element's or isotope's mass number tells how many protons and neutrons are in its atoms.
41
What is a proton?
A postiviely charged sub-atomic particle.
42
What is an electron?
A negatively charged sub-atomic particle.
43
What is a neutron?
A sub-atomic particle with a neutral charge.
44
Name the first 20 elements in the periodic table and their symbols.
1. Hydrogen (H)
2. Helium (He)
3. Lithium (Li)
4. Beryllium (Be)
5. Boron (B)
6. Carbon (C)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)
Flourine (F)
Neon (Ne)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminium (Al)
Silicon (Si)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Argon (Ar)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
45
Describe what an element and a compound are.
An element is …
Made up of particles that contain only one type of atom.
A compound is …
Made up of particles that have two or more different types of atoms bonded together
in a fixed ratio.
46
What is the symbol for Copper?
Cu
47
What is the symbol for Iron?
Fe
48
What is the symbol for Gold?
Au
49
What is the symbol for Silver?
Ag
50
What is the symbol for Mercury?
Hg
51
What is the symbol for Bromine?
Br
52
What is the symbol for Iodine?
I
53
What is the symbol for Zinc?
Zn
54
What is the symbol for Lead?
Pb
55
What is convection?
Convection is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the heated material.
56
Explain convection when heating water over the stove.
The water at the bottom of the pot heats up first. This causes it to expand. Since the warmed water has a lower density than the water around it, it rises up through the cooler, dense water. At the top of the pot, the water cools, increasing its density, which causes it to sink back down to the bottom. This up and down movement eventually heats all of the water. The continual cycling of the fluid is called a convection current.
57
What are the different types of teeth?
Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars.
58
What do the Incisors do?
The Incisors are the teeth in the very front. They’re the sharpest teeth, built to cut food and shaped to shovel the food inward.
59
What do the Canines do?
The Canine teeth are in the corners of your mouth. Because they’re meant for grasping and tearing food, they have very long roots.
60
What do the Pre-Molars do?
Premolars are located just behind your Canine teeth. Premolars have a more flat chewing surface because they’re meant for crushing food.
61
What do the Molars do?
The Molars are the last teeth towards the back of your mouth. Molars are much bigger than the Premolars and have bigger, flatter chewing surfaces because their job is to chew and grind the food into smaller pieces.
62
What does MRS C GREN stand for and what do they mean?
M = movement - (all living things can move)
R = Respiration (the process of gaining energy from the food they eat)
S = Sensitivity (responding to the surrounding environment)
C = Cells (all living things have cells)
G = Growth (all living things grow)
R = Reproduction (all living things reproduce, producing offspring)
E = Excretion (removing waste)
N = Nutrition (all living things need nutrients)
63
What is the process of digestion?
Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus.
64
What is ingestion and egestion?
Ingestion means consuming food (eating).
Egestion means releasing stools (defecating).
65
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts – they speed up chemical reactions. In the digestive system, enzymes assist in breaking down food.
66
What are the 6 types of nutrients present in food that are used for energy?
Carbohydrates – Sugars eg: Glucose
Proteins
Fats
Minerals
Vitamins
Fibres – helps move the digestive system along.
67
What are the two types of digestion?
Mechanical Digestion -\> physically breaking down food into smaller particals.
Chemical Digestion -\> breaking down food using chemical reaction.
68
Explain what happens in the mouth/oral cavity part of digestion.
Physical digestion: The teeth cut and grind up the food through the chewing process.
Chemical digestion: The salvivary glands secrete saliva that breaks down food. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase.
The food is now called a bolus.
69
Explain what happens in the oesophagus part of digestion.
A long muscular tube that carries the bolus from the mouth to the stomach. The muscles in the oesophagus contract forcing the bolus down. This process is called PERISTALSIS
70
Explain what happens in the stomach part of digestion?
Mechanical Digestion -\> the muscles in the stomach wall contract causing the food to break down.
Chemical Digestion -\> Stomach contains HCl to help create an acidic environment. The stomach secretes an enzyme called pepsin which breaks down proteins.
The food is now a thick liquid called chyme.
71
Explain what happens in the small intestine part of digestion.
- Bile that is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder is realeased into the duodenum: it is responsible for breaking down fat.
- Pancreatic enzymes are released into the duodenum also to carry out more chemical digestion.
- The nutrients from the digested frood is absorbed in the Jejunum and Ileum into the blood stream.
72
Explain what happens in the large intestine part of digestion.
- A large muscular tube
- Its main role is to absorb the excess water from the undigested food.
- The remaining undigested food is called faeces/stool
73
Explain what happens in the rectum and anus part of digestion.
The Rectum
- A chamber that connects the Large Instestine and the anus.
- Its role is to store stools until the individual is ready to defecate.
The Anus
- The last part of the digestive system – surrounded by voluntary muscle that controls the release of stools.
74
How is glucose absorbed?
glucose is absorbed into the cells of the wall of the small intestine and then into the blood strem.
This is called CELLULAR RESPIRATION
75
What is the respiration equation?
Glucose (from food) + oxygen (inhaling air) carbon dioxide (exhaling) + water + energy (used for life processes)
76
What are the components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
77
What's the function of red blood cells?
They carry oxygen to all cells in the body.
78
What's the function of white blood cells?
They protect the body from infection by targeting and destroying the microbes that enter the body.
79
What's the function of the platelets?
Cause clots in the blood when blood vessels are damaged and need repair.
80
What's the function of the plasma?
Carries proteins, sugars, salts, hormones and also CO2
81
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins and capillaries.
82
What's the function of arteries?
Arteries carry blood straight from the heart. Because they are carrying blood under high pressure, they have thick muscular walls, are deep in the body and have a pulse.
83
What's the function of veins?
Veins carry blood toward the heart, therefore because blood is flowing under low pressure, they have thin walls.
84
What's the function of capillaries?
Capillaries carry blood past the cells. Their walls are one cell layer thick to allow the chemicals in the blood to absorb into the body cells and vice versa.
85
What is the heart made up of?
The heart is made up of 4 chambers: The right atrium, the rigt ventricle, the left atrium and the left ventricle.
The right side of the heart is separate from the left side because it pumps oxygen poor blood (deoxygenated blood), while the left side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood (oxygentaed blood).
86
What are the veins/arteries in the heart and what are their functions?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Veins carry blood towards the heart.
The vena cava is a vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart. This blood is drained into the right ventricle of the heart where it can be pumped out of the heart, through the pulmonary arteries which leads to the lungs so the blood can become oxygenated.
The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium of the heart. This blood is drained into the left ventricle of the heart where it can be pumped out of the aorta so the blood can be distributed to the rest of the body.
87
What is the Double Circulatory System?
Most mammels have a double circulatory system which has 2 loops in which blood circulates. One loop carries oxygenated blood and one loop carries deoxygenated blood.
88
Why is the double circulatory system important?
This is important because it ensures that we are giving our tissues blood filled with oxygen rathre than a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
89
Describe what gravitational energy is and give an example.
Gravitational energy is stored in an object above ground height. Caused by gravity.
Example: On top of a mountain.
90
Describe what nuclear energy is and give an example.
Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom. Released when the atom splits.
Examples: the sun, an atom bomb.
91
Describe what chemical energy is and give an example.
Chemical energy is stored in fuels, food, batteries and reactants of chemical reactions.
Examples: petrol, chocolate, TNT.
92
Describe what elastic energy is and give an example.
Elastic energy is stored in objects that are stretched or compressed.
Example: a wound up clock.
93
Describe what magnetic energy is and give an example.
Magentic energy possesses by an iron object near a magnetix field.
Example: a compass needle.
94
Describe what heat energy is and give an example.
Heat energy causes particles in substances to move faster and more freely.
Examples: a fire, an oven, the sun.
95
Describe what light energy is and give an example.
Light energy travels in straight lines as waves and makes objects visible.
Examples: an LED, the sun, as laser.
96
Describe what sound energy is and give an example.
Sound energy are objects vibrating cause this energy to travel as waves through the air.
Examples: music, talking, explosions.
97
Describe what electrical energy is and give an example.
Electrical energy is carried by charged particles moving along a wire circuit.
Examples: lightning, power lines.
98
Describe what kinetic energy is and give an example.
Kinetic energy is energy of a moving object. Depends on mass and speed of the object.
Examples: a runner, a jet flying.
99
What's the function of the cell membrane?
Keeps the cell together and selectively allows chemicals in and/out of the cell.
100
What's the function of the cell wall?
Helps to support the cell.
101
What's the function of te chloroplast?
Where the plant makes its own food.
102
What's the function of the cytoplasm?
Contains chemicals needed by the cell.
103
What's the function of the nucleus?
The control centre of the cell.
104
What's the function of the vacuole?
Stores waste and helps to support the plant.
105
What components of the cell are only found in plant cells?
The cell wall, chloroplasts, and vacuole.
