END OF YEAR EXAM!! Flashcards

Question

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

Answer 1

- Prediciton what will change

Answer 2

- Predict no change

Answer 3

- Deliberately manipulated

Answer 4

- Measured variable

Answer 5

- Falsify data | - Affect result

Answer 6

- 2 or more spearate groups | - Used in cases where repeated design CANT

Answer 7

- Test same group - Controls for indiv differences - Order effects

Answer 8

- Target Audience - AIM Representative sample - Random, systematic, opportunity

Answer 9

- Validity - Reliability - Demand Characteristics - The Observer Effect - Social Desirability

Answer 10

- Accuracy; how accurate they are | - Ecological Accuracy; setting of study and task

Answer 11

- Consistency; ease of replication

Answer 12

- Participate works out aim of study - Acts accordingly, not true beleifs - Reduces validity

Answer 13

- Change behaviour due to being observed | - Reduces validity

Answer 14

- Wants to look good to researches | - Reduces validity

Answer 15

- Observer remains hiddne | - Doesnt affect behaviour

Answer 16

- Observer is known

Answer 17

- Pairs of scores and seeing if there is neg/pos correlation

Answer 18

- Case Study - Naturalistic Observation - Longitudinal Studies - Twin Studies - Surveys - Introspection

Answer 19

- ALL aspects of patient - S: Provide info on topics that are unethical via experience e.g. sucide - W: Uncontrollable form of data collection, cant explain why things happen

Answer 20

- Observe behaviour in natural setting - S: real word signifcance, high ecological validity - W: Observer Affect/Bias, hard to remain inconspicious

Answer 21

- Over time repeated observation - S: develop understanding of abilities/trends - W: large amount of time, hard to generalize, can die

Answer 22

- Twins compared to determine diff/sim - S: understand role that genetics have, role of nature on nurture - W: cant generalize, can only describe not explain

Answer 23

- Public polling - S: quick, easy, measure attitude, motive, opinion - W: Wording Effect - influence - If not representative sample, arent valid

Answer 24

- Self observation - S: insight on memory, learning, problem solving - W: depends on honesty, have gaps in knowledge of themselves

Answer 25

- words (anything not numerical)

Answer 26

- MODE; common response - MEDIAN; middle in rank - MEAN; add up scores, divide by number of scores, average

Answer 27

- impact of an established behaviour of the group 'norms' you are likely to conform to - change on situation

Answer 28

- avoid being ridiculed

Answer 29

- attitdue/perception/behaviour is influenced by real or implied presence - may involve compliance; pubically acts one way/privating another

Answer 30

- Public | - Private

Answer 31

- Presence of conformity

Answer 32

- Behaviour that would display even if people werent watching e.g. animal cruelty

Answer 33

- Size - Awareness of Norms - An Ally Dissent - Cultures

Answer 34

- Increases with size | - Up to 4, then levels off

Answer 35

- C increases when norm is 'activated' brought to attention

Answer 36

- Presence of one that disagrees with majority REDUCES conformity

Answer 37

- high levels of unamity/conformity

Answer 38

- western | - conform less to norms

Answer 39

- experience showed participants a single pinpoint of light - asked to estimate individually how far it moved - then worked in pairs, establishing agreed point CRITICISM - group of 3 - not really group - no right or wrong answer - sherif told them that the light WOULD move

Answer 40

- processing involving sensory reception detecting and responding to stimuli

Answer 41

- a mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory stimuli sent from the sensory organs

Answer 42

- Perception - Transduction - Transmission

Answer 43

- Begins with reception when a stimulus is detected at a sensory receptor site (eye, ear)

Answer 44

- Turning Light into Sight | - If light is intense enough to activate photoreceptors, convert light energy into electrochemical energy

Answer 45

- Eye to Brain | - Neural impulses travel long neural pathways in brain to be processed

Answer 46

- Group of principles that organise visual features and then integrate them into connected patterns or whole forms - Figure Ground - Closure - Similarity - Proximity

Answer 47

- Viewer groups and separates some features so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out - Object against the background

Answer 48

- Viewers tendency to complete incomplete figures by filling in imaginary contour line

Answer 49

- Perceive stimulus that have visual features as belonging together forming a meaningful single unit or group

Answer 50

- Genetics; family traits, appearance, height, hair colour - Genotype; genetic pattern - Phenotype; outcome of genes and environment - Attachment; promote survival - Maturation; time table of development in genotype

Answer 51

- Brain/Spinal Cord

Answer 52

- Centre of NS

Answer 53

- Carry information from SENSES to BRAIN

Answer 54

- carry info from brain to muscles | - signals cross at synapse

Answer 55

- recieves and process info from body and responds - Central NS - Peripheral NS

Answer 56

- consists of al nerves in brain and spinal cord

Answer 57

- consists of cable nerve fibres from base of brain to lower back - connects the brain to the PNS - transmits sensory info from PNS to brain - transmits motor messages from brain to PNS

Answer 58

- consisting of all nerves outside CNS - transmits sensory info to CNS - transmits motor messages from brain to body - SNS and ANS

Answer 59

- transmits sensory info recieved from sensory receptor cells to CNS - motor messages from the CNS to the bodys voluntary skeletal muscles; Skeletal NS

Answer 60

- transmits motor message from the brain to the bodys internal organs/glands - involuntary activity of internal organs/glands - transmits messages back to the brain about the activity level of these organs - divided into Syp NS and Parasymp NS

Answer 61

- alters the activity level of INTERNAL muscles | - physically prepare us for increased activity in HIGH EMOTION OR PHYSICAL AROUSAL

Answer 62

- Maintains energy level for normal function | - Reversing SNS

Answer 63

- Physical Attractiveness - Demographic Similarity - Proximity - Attitude Similarity - Personality Similarity

Answer 64

- First thing noticed - Clean/Dirty - Childlike faces for WOMEN - Square jaw, small eyes, thin lips for MEN

Answer 65

- Brighman 1971 | - Physically attractive people are thought of as being generally attractive

Answer 66

- Actively seek individuals similar to ourselves (attraction wise) - Fear of rejection from a more attractive person

Answer 67

- Humans programmed to find someone for reproduction - Youth & good looks signs for good reproduction - Primarily in women

Answer 68

- Festinger et al 1950 | - Students living in close prox chose friends with those closest to them

Answer 69

- Bryne at al 1968 - Very important for interpersonal attraction - Only when similarity was related to topic of important that if affected attractiveness

Answer 70

- Linked with relationships (age, sex, class) | - Affect friendship

Answer 71

- similar personalities more likely to become involved | - Winch 1958 argued for opposites attract

Answer 72

- Thoughts, feelings and perceptions that occur when we are awake and alert - Stream of info from thalamus which interprets info - Viewed as an adaption allowing us to get along with others in our group

Answer 73

- Mental states that differs from normal waking, including sleep, day dreaming, meditation or drug induced

Answer 74

- Spontaneous shifts in attention away from the here and now into a make believe world - 90 minutes - Stress relief - Encourage creativity

Answer 75

- cycles last about a day - governed by hypothalamus - controls body temp, metabolism, blood pressure, hormone levels, hunger - jetlag is resynchronisation of this

Answer 76

- stage 1 - stage 2 - stage 4 - stage 4 - REM

Answer 77

- rapid eye movement - brain waves similar to waking state - person deeply asleep - dreaming - BRAIN/PHYSIO REPAIR - brain growth - memory - neurotransmitters

Answer 78

- restoration theory | - evolutionary theory

Answer 79

- body - immune system - growth hormone

Answer 80

- personality is a result of unconscious psychological conflicts and how effectively they are resolved - behaviour and feelings affected by unconscious - childhood experiences - tripartite (personality) - behaviour is determined - constant conflict with id & super ego and ego - defence mechanisms

Answer 81

- Conscious - Preconscious - Unconscious

Answer 82

- everything we are thinking, remembering, feeling, sense or aware of now

Answer 83

- contains info 'at the back of our minds' | - brought to surface by thinking about it

Answer 84

- not aware of unconscious thoughts - still have influence over conscious feelings/thoughts - storage place 'unacceptable thought' - buried thoughts, feelings, experiences, images, motived that are BAD

Answer 85

- ID - Ego - Super Ego

Answer 86

- Demanding, Impulsive, Irrational, Selfish - Pleasure Principal; must be met - Innate biological needs e.g. babes

Answer 87

- develops in children when they begin to understand how the real world works - Realistic, Logical, Orderly - Reality Principal; ensures ID needs are met in socially acceptable manner

Answer 88

- Conscious looking out for us - Judging thoughts, feelings, actions - Moral Principal; right and wrong

Answer 89

- Oral (Birth-12 months) - Anal (1-2 years) - Phallic (3-5) - Lantent (6-Puberty) - Genitl (Puberty-Adulthood)

Answer 90

- Pleasure; MOUTH - Conflict; WEANING - Fixation; Overeating, gossip, drinking excessively, dependence on others, talking too much, overeating

Answer 91

- Pleasure; Bowel movement - Conflict; Toilet training - Fixation; stingy, organised, stubborn, controlling, detail, disorganised, impulsive

Answer 92

- Pleasure; Genitals - Conflict; physical desire for opposite sex parent - Castration Anxiety; create a fear of retaliation - Child represses desires - Identifies with father in order to posses mother

Answer 93

- Sexual impulses doormat - Child focuses on education/social/achievements - Consolidate same sex identity

Answer 94

- Pleasure; Genitals - Conflict; redirect sexual urges to appropriate figures - All of child's prename fixations re-emerge - Child detaches from family - Develops identity - Peer love interest

Answer 95

- consciously/unconsciously chooses to use to distort/falisy truth of ones experience - to protect one self from feeling painful emotions - Lying, rationalisation, regression, repression, denial, suppression, projection/displacement

Answer 96

- popularity of case study - defence mechanisms - importance of childhood - views influenced western thought

Answer 97

- can't generalise - unscientific - too deterministic - bias sample (women vienna) - socially unacceptable

Answer 98

- Personality is focused on differences between individuals - Combination/Interaction of traits UNIQUE PERSONALITY - Focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics - Allport, Eyesnck

Answer 99

- 4000 words - Cardinal; dominate, rare, develop later in life e.g. narcissistic - Central; form base of personality, e.g. intelligent, honest, shy - Secondary; related to attitudes or preferences,appear only in certain situations e.g. would be getting anxious when speaking in front of group

Answer 100

- 2D/3D model 1. Intro/Extra 2. Neuroticism/Emotional Stability 3. Psychoticism

Answer 101

``` INTRA - stimulus shy - hesitant - reflection - withdrawn - quiet - reserved EXTRA - stimulus hungry - outgoing - sociable - acts first - loud ```

Answer 102

``` NEUTROTIC - emotionally reactive - moody, tense, irritable, anxious STABILITY - tendency to remain emotionally constant ```

Answer 103

NEG - only describes limited personality types - can't generalise (small ample) - questionnaires (mood affected) or 100% truthful POS - later researched larger sample supported ideas P

Answer 104

HIGH | - difficulty dealing with reality, antisocial, hostile, non-empathetic, manipulative

Answer 105

- Look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving - Personality is studied from the point of view of the individual’s subjective experience - Maslow, Rodgers

Answer 106

- Physiological - Safety - Love/Belonging - Esteem - Self Actualisation

Answer 107

- Breathing - Food - Water - Sex - Sleep - Excretion

Answer 108

- Security of body - Employment - Safe resources - Safe morality - Family - Property - Health

Answer 109

- Friendship - Family - Sexual intimacy

Answer 110

- Self Esteem - Confidence - Achievement - Respect of others - Respect by others

Answer 111

- Morality - Creativity - Spontaneity - Problem solving - Lack of prejudice - Acceptance of facts

Answer 112

- human ability to device self concepts; as an individual, value and relationship with others - people are conscious architects of their own personality - free to choose/act - Self Theory

Answer 113

- CONGRUENCE; consistency of self concept and ones experiences - SELF ESTEEM; necessary, belief in ones self/self respect - Human nature is OPTIMISTIC - PERSON CENTRES THEORY; get in touch with genuine feelings and act accordingly

Answer 114

BENEFITS - CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE; a sense of moving through space and time, needed to be human LIMITS - conscious experience is private/subjective - doesn't predict developing traits/abilities/interests

Answer 115

- related to our learned patterns of behaviour - personality stems from behaviours we learn throughout our lives - Skinner

Answer 116

- behaviour brings rewards or avoids punishment is continued - POS REINFORCEMENT - NEG REINFORCEMENT - PUNISHMENT - all behaviour can be unlearnt

Answer 117

- something desirable is obtained to make the behaviour happen again - to behave in the same way in order to receive reward

Answer 118

- response or behaviour is strengthened by stopping or avoiding a negative outcome - removal of something unpleasant

Answer 119

- something undesirable received after a behaviour to make it stop - attempt to decrease behaviour

Answer 120

- critiqued for being too simplistic (no robots) | - personality is more stable than behaviourist say

Answer 121

- self report - observer report - test data - life history data

Answer 122

``` AD - study of difficult behaviours - easy to distribute to large groups DIS - convenience sampling - bias ```

Answer 123

``` AD - captures spontaneous behaviours - avoid bias DIS - researcher inference - observer bias - time consuming - selective attention ```

Answer 124

``` AD - quantitate data; easy to replicate - controlled environment; limit extraneous variables DIS - lacks ecological validity ```

Answer 125

``` AD - ecological validity - links to past experiences DIS - expensive - time consuming - hard to replicate - can't generalize ```

Answer 126

- less than 0.05 they are 95% confident that what as happened wasnt due to chance - null hypothesis can be rejected

Answer 127

- tendency for people to do better when in the presence of others

Answer 128

- restraint on feelings in the belief that others may disapprove of their behaviour

Answer 129

- loss of social identity/inhibition causing a person to lose responsibility for their own actions and ignore consequences - Zimbardo

Answer 130

- ANONYMITY; not afraid of consquences - PRESSURE OF SOCIAL NORMS; pressured to form to the norms - SHIFT ATTENTION TO EXTERNAL FACTORS; reacting to environment more than internal beliefs

Answer 131

- person puts less effort due to feeling of anonymity in a group

Answer 132

- when it seems that others arent pulling their weight - people reduce effort

Answer 133

- when it seems that everyone else is putting in enough work so you don't contribute

Answer 134

IN - lowers cohesion OUT - increases group solidarity

Answer 135

- intergroup hostility arises when there is no competition for scarce but valuable resources

Answer 136

- people are greedy - even if resources arent scared, people compare what they have to others and want the same - people are jerks

Answer 137

- Ideas that we hold about ourselves, others, objects and experiences - Evaluation of a person makes about them

Answer 138

- Affective - Behavioural - Cognitive

Answer 139

- FEELINGS/EMOTIONS - Emotional reaction - Based on judgement; pos/neg response

Answer 140

- ACTIONS - How attitude is expressed through action - Behave

Answer 141

- THOUGHTS - Beliefs we have - Result from experience

Answer 142

- Attitude towards group of people, based on characteristics that are ASSUMED to be common - All girls like pink - Attitude

Answer 143

- Treating people unfavourably on the basis of their membership to a certain group - Jews genocide - Action

Answer 144

- Prejudice happens because of personality | - Authoritarian more likely

Answer 145

- Negative towards those beneath them - Obedient towards those of higher status - Rigid in opinions - Not open to new ideas/situations - 'US' VS 'Them'

Answer 146

- involves having a belief about a certain group of individuals - assuming that every member is the same

Answer 147

- rebalance discrimination | - e.g. racial quotas

Answer 148

- Monozygotic; identical, same egg - Dizygotic; non identical, diff egg DIS - adopted twins raised in similar environments as agencies tend to adopt child into similar TA - nothing more than coincidence - similar age would always exhibit same things - fail to examine differences in twins AD - different homes, similar habits

Answer 149

- describes behaviour as not being under control of a person | - no chance in how you act or why you behave a certain way

Answer 150

- all human behaviour can be explained by a cause

Answer 151

- this illusion occurs because of a misapplication of size constancy scaling - Size constancy allows us to perceive objects in a stable way by taking distance into account

Answer 152

- any act performed with the goal of benefitting another | - motivated by altruism

Answer 153

- is the desire to help another even if it costs them | - could be genetic (evolutionary psych)

Answer 154

- explain social behaviour in genetic factors - evolved over time because of natural selection - promote survival of the individual - explains altruism 1. KIN SELECTION 2. RECIPROCITY 3. SOCIAL NORMS

Answer 155

- behaviours that help a genetic relative are forwarded by natural selection - more a person ensures his or her relatives survival, the greater chances genes will pass on

Answer 156

- expectation that helping other will increase likelihood that they will help you in the future - survival value of the norm may be genetic - altruism is a social norm; ability to learn and follow norms

Answer 157

- what we do stems from desire to maximise outcomes and minimise costs - self interest

Answer 158

1. increase probability that someone will return it 2. relieve personal distress off the bystander 3. gain social approval, and increase self worth (cognitive dissonance)

Answer 159

- helping is costly (physical danger, embarrassment, time consuming) - is that people help only when the benefit outweighs the cost - argues that altruism doesn't exist

Answer 160

- Batons 1991 | - pure altruism is most likely when we experience empathy for the person

Answer 161

- gender diff | - culture diff

Answer 162

- is a variable - men; chivalrous, heroic - women; nurture, long term

Answer 163

- help members of in group rather than outgroup - ingroup; identifies or is a member of - outgroup; doesnt identify with

Answer 164

RURAL - more helpful - effect seen worldwide - brought up to be more neighbourly - enhances altruistic personality

Answer 165

-- Urban Overload Hypothesis - People living in cities likely to keep to themselves - Avoid being overloaded by stimulation ANALYSIS - one would expect population density (over than overall) produce more stimulation, less helping - Levine et Al studied this, results support

Answer 166

- the greater number of bystanders, the less likely of help being offered - bystander effect - 5 decision steps (L&D) 1. noticing 2. interpreting as an emergency 3. assuming responsibility 4. knowing how to help 5. implementing help

Answer 167

- primary concern is welfare - e.g. helping a partner - concerned with how much help the other person needs

Answer 168

- governed by equity concerns - governed by rules and norms - who is getting what

Answer 169

- MRI - CT - PET - FRMRI - EEG - ESB

Answer 170

- type of conformity | - adopting views of a group PUBLICLY AND PRIVATELY because you value being apart of the group

Answer 171

- magnetic resonance imaging - measures which parts of the brain are using energy - measures blood flow - images from diff angles - detect small things - NON INVASIVE

Answer 172

- electroencephalogram - measures electrical activity - NON INVASIVE - detects epilepsy

Answer 173

- functional magnetic resonance imaging | - diff in blood flow

Answer 174

- electrical stimulation of the brain - apply weak electric current o brain - show brain functions - INVASIVE

Answer 175

- computerized tomography - x-rays of the brain - horizontal pic

Answer 176

- inject harmless chemical - collects in active brain areas - brain activity

Answer 177

- requires us to pay attention and deliberately put in effort

Answer 178

- Processes that do not require attention; they can often be performed along with other tasks without interference.

Answer 179

- Rodger Sperry - Epilepsy - Cut corpus callosum - specialization of hemispheres

Answer 180

- difficult to attend to more that thing at the same time

END OF YEAR EXAM!! Flashcards

(206 cards)