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Year 9 - Geography > End Of Year Exams > Flashcards

End Of Year Exams Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

The living organisms in a particular area, together with the non-living components of the environment.

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2
Q

What does abiotic mean?

A

Non-living elements of an ecosystem, such as climate, temperature, water, and soil type.

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3
Q

What are the abiotic components?

A

Climate
Soil
Water

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4
Q

How are ecosystems dependent on the climate?

A

The temperature and amount of rainfall are very important for determining what species can survive in the ecosystem

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5
Q

How are ecosystems dependent on the soil type?

A

The soil type is important as this provides nutrients that will support different plants

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6
Q

How are ecosystems dependent on the amount of water available?

A

The amount of water available in an ecosystem will determine what plants and animals can be supported

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7
Q

What does biotic mean?

A

Living elements of an ecosystem, such as plants and animals.

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8
Q

What is flora?

A

A biotic factor of an ecosystem, which is all types of plant species.

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9
Q

What is fauna?

A

A biotic factor of an ecosystem, which is all the different types of animals.

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10
Q

What are natural causes of changes to ecosystems?

A

Wildfire/forest fire
Flooding
Drought
Earthquake
Volcanic eruption
Tornado
Tsunami
Cyclone
Disease

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11
Q

What are human causes of changes to ecosystems?

A

Pollution
Hunting, fishing or poaching
Introducing invasive animals

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12
Q

What is a biome?

A

A large scale ecosystem

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13
Q

What factors determine the climate of a biome?

A

Latitude
Air pressure
Winds

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14
Q

What is the order of biomes from the north pole to the equator?

A

Tundra
Taiga coniferous forest
Temperate deciduous forest
Evergreen hardwood (mediterranean)
Desert
Savanna grassland
Tropical rainforest

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15
Q

What is the order of layers of the earth?

A

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

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16
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The upper part of the Earth’s mantle, where the rocks are more fluid. It is made up of semi-molten rock called magma.

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17
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The lithosphere is the outer layer of the Earth, which includes both the crust and the upper layers of the mantle. The lithosphere is split into tectonic plates.

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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of oceanic crust

A
  • Denser than continental crust
  • Can be subducted
  • Constantly destroyed and replaced
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19
Q

Describe the characteristics of continental crust

A
  • Older
  • Lighter
  • Cannot be destroyed
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20
Q

What are convection currents?

A

A movement within the Earth’s mantle caused by the heat of the core.

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21
Q

What do the convection currents do?

A

The convection currents move the plates. Where convection currents diverge near the Earth’s crust, plates move apart. Where convection currents converge, plates move towards each other.

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22
Q

What are plate boundaries?

A

The region where two or more tectonic plates meet. It is a zone of intense seismic activity.

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23
Q

What is a convergent/destructive plate boundary?

A
  • When an oceanic plate and a continental plate collide towards each other, the oceanic plate is forced under the continental plate and subduction takes place.
  • This happens because the oceanic plate is denser and heavier than the continental plate
  • The plate sinks into the mantle to form magma.
  • The pressure of the magma builds beneath the Earth’s surface, and rises up through a stratovolcano, which are often very violent
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24
Q

What is a collision boundary?

A

The point at which two continental plates collide (neither plate is able to sink) and the land buckles. This creates a fold mountain.

25
Q

What is a divergent/constructive boundary?

A
  • The plates move apart from one another.
  • When this happens the magma from the mantle rises up to make (or construct) new crust.
  • The movement of the plates over the mantle can cause earthquakes. Rising magma can also create shield volcanoes.
26
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A
  • The plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at different speeds.
  • As the plates try to move, friction occurs and plates become stuck. Pressure builds up because the plates are still trying to move.
  • When the pressure is released, it sends out huge amounts of energy causing an earthquake. No volcanoes happen.
27
Q

What are characteristics of composite volcanoes?

A
  • Andesitic magma, which is lower in temperature, has more silica and a lot of dissolved gases and is more likely to explode when it reaches the surface.
  • Acidic lava, which is very viscous (sticky).
    Steep sides as the lava doesn’t flow very far before it solidifies.
  • Alternate layers of ash and lava. For this reason, they’re also known as stratovolcanoes.
  • Violent eruptions.
  • Longer periods between eruptions.
28
Q

What are the characters of shield volcanoes?

A

Basaltic magma, which is high in temperature, very low on silica and with low gas content.

This type of magma produces fluid lava with very little explosive activity.

Basic lava, which is non-acidic and very runny.

Gentle sides as the lava flows for long distances before it solidifies.

No layers, as the volcano just consists of lava.

Less violent eruptions.

Shorter periods between eruptions.

29
Q

What are the negative effects of volcanoes?

A
  • Volcanoes are dangerous. They can kill people and damage property.
  • Economic activity can suffer as it is hard for businesses to operate after an eruption.
  • Habitats and landscapes are damaged by lava flows.
30
Q

What are the positive effects of volcanoes?

A
  • Volcanic rock and ash provide fertile land which results in a higher crop yield for farmers
  • Tourists are attracted to the volcano, which increases money to the local economy
    geothermal energy can be harnessed, which provides free electricity for locals
  • Minerals are contained in lava, eg diamonds, this can be mined to make money
31
Q

What are the features of an earthquake proof building?

A
  • Rubber shock absorbers in the foundations to absorb the earth tremors.
  • Steel frames that can sway during earth movements.
  • Open areas outside of the buildings where people can assemble during an evacuation.
  • Low cost methods, such as wire mesh retrofitting, are used in rural areas and developing countries. These are affordable and appropriate to the resources and people living there.
  • Lightweight roofs and safety glass designed to reduce damage and injury.
32
Q

Why is the demand for resources increasing?

A
  1. Rising population – as the global population rises, more people means a greater need for resources.
  2. Economic development – as populations become wealthier, more disposable income leads to increased consumption of resources.
33
Q

What is Malthusian theory?

A

Malthusian theory examines the relationship between population and food production, suggesting that while population grows geometrically (ie 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 etc), food production increases arithmetically (ie 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc). Eventually, this leads to population outstripping food production, leaving much of the world hungry.

34
Q

What is Boserupian theory?

A

This theory was based on the idea that population growth has a positive impact on people as it forces them to invent new methods to obtain more food when supplies begin to run out. It follows the idea of ‘necessity is the mother of invention’, and might refer to developments like the green revolution, genetically modified crops, and irrigation systems.

35
Q

What are the 5 major oceans?

A

Arctic Ocean,
Atlantic Ocean,
Pacific Ocean,
Indian Ocean,
Southern Ocean.

36
Q

What are 3 regions of Latin America

A

North America
Central America
South America
Caribbean

37
Q

What are the countries of Central America?

A

https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/VL1VQG2XcV7KsNNLzFm7nGkq1C0=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/GettyImages-819556304-2617fc459ebf4a29bc81527f0fa51dfd.jpg

Guatemala
Belize
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama

38
Q

Capital of Guatemala

A

Guatemala city

39
Q

Capital of Belize

A

Belmopen

40
Q

Capital of El Salvador

A

San Salvador

41
Q

Capital of Honduras

A

Tegucigalpa

42
Q

Capital of Nicaragua

A

Managua

43
Q

Capital of Costa Rica

A

San José

44
Q

Capital of Panama

A

Panama City

45
Q

What are the countries of South America

A

https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/EgfyJtx5xn4Pm5TSorAcw7oqYZc=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/GettyImages-594463288-fdbac3735cc348b89ee8eca44afd964c.jpg

Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela

46
Q

Capital of Argentina

A

Buenos Aires

47
Q

Capital of Bolivia

A

La Paz
Sucre

48
Q

Capital of Brazil

A

Brasília

49
Q

Capital of Chile

A

Santiago

50
Q

Capital of Colombia

A

Bogotá

51
Q

Capital of Ecuador

A

Quito

52
Q

Capital of Paraguay

A

Asuncion

53
Q

Capital of Peru

A

Lima

54
Q

Capital of Uruguay

A

Montevideo

55
Q

Capital of Venezuela

A

Caracas

56
Q

What are the countries of the Caribbean

A

https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/205qhYAODI7_PJmYNHALLsygELI=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/GettyImages-843182820-1fa7244333ed45b4ad2ddd8c2c493a44.jpg

Cuba
Dominican Republic
Puerto Rico

57
Q

Capital of Cuba

A

Havana

58
Q

Capital of Dominican Republic

A

Santo Domingo

59
Q

Capital of Puerto Rico

A

San Juan

Year 9 - Geography (1 decks)

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