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Year 9 - Physics > End Of Year Exams > Flashcards

End Of Year Exams Flashcards

1
Q

List all the types of energy

A

Kinetic energy
Thermal energy
Nuclear energy
Gravitational potential energy
Sound energy
Electric energy
Chemical energy
Elastic potential energy
Light energy

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2
Q

List all energy stores

A

Chemical
Kinetic
Gravitational
Elastic
Thermal
Magnetic
Electrostatic
Nuclear

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3
Q

What are the 4 ways that energy is transferred from store to store

A

Mechanically
Electrically
Heating
Radiation

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4
Q

What are main uses of energy

A

Transport
Electricity
Heating

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5
Q

What is renewable energy

A

A renewable energy resource is one that is being replenished as it is used

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6
Q

What are the renewable energy resources

A

Geothermal energy
Hydroelectricity
Hydrogen fuel cells
Solar energy
Wind energy
Wave energy
Tidal energy
Bio-energy

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7
Q

What are the pros of bio energy

A
  • Cheap
  • Gets rid of waste, which can cause smells and pollution
  • It is not using up non renewable resources such as coal
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8
Q

What are the pros of geothermal energy

A
  • Geothermal energy doesn’t produce any pollution
  • Running costs for a geothermal power station are very low
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9
Q

What are the pros of hydroelectricity

A
  • Once construction is completed, operating costs are very low
  • No waste or pollution is produced
  • Electricity can be generated constantly, because water can be stored and used as needed
  • Dams are very expensive to build
  • Hydroelectricity sites are often remote, which leads to higher distribution costs
  • Suitable sites for large scale projects are hard to find
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10
Q

What are the pros of hydrogen fuel cells

A
  • There’s no pollution: the only waste product is water and some heat, which can also be reclaimed
  • There’s no noise
  • Fuel cells can be built in a huge range of sizes to suit almost any use
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11
Q

What are the pros of solar energy

A
  • Once the solar power plant is constructed, running costs are very low
  • Solar energy can be used to generate electricity in remote places
  • No waste or pollution is produced
  • Energy is usually generated at or near where it will be used, keeping transmission and distribution costs to a minimum
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12
Q

What are the pros of wind energy

A
  • Once the wind turbine is built, running costs are very low
  • No waste or pollution is produced
  • The land occupied by a wind farm can still be used for farming
  • Wind farms can become tourist attractions
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13
Q

What are the pros of wave energy

A
  • Once constructed, running costs are very low
  • No waste or pollution is produced
  • Wave energy generators are capable of producing large amounts of energy
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14
Q

What are the pros of tidal energy

A
  • Running costs are very low
  • No waste or pollution is produced
  • The technology is very reliable
  • No fuel is required
    -The amount of electricity and the time when it is produced is totally predictable
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15
Q

What are the cons of bio energy

A
  • Burning the fuel creates carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. However, if you grow crops that absorb the same amount of carbon dioxide from the air that is created by burning them, the effect on the environment is less harmful.
  • Collecting waste in big enough amounts to generate energy can be difficult
  • If trees aren’t grown especially for fuel and re-planted, the result is deforestation
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16
Q

What are the cons of geothermal energy

A

-It is difficult to find suitable sites for geothermal power stations. The hot rocks have to be of a suitable type and depth, and the rocks above them have to be soft enough to drill through. There are barely any sites in the UK
- If not carefully managed, a borehole can “run out of steam” and may not be useable again for several decades
- Occasionally, dangerous gases and minerals can come out of a borehole, and it may be difficult to dispose of them

17
Q

What are the cons of hydroelectricity

A
  • Dams are very expensive to build
  • Hydroelectricity sites are often remote, which leads to higher distribution costs
  • Suitable sites for large scale projects are hard to find
18
Q

What are the cons of hydrogen fuel cells

A
  • Fuel cells rely on hydrogen, which has to be made. Most of the methods we use to produce hydrogen today use a lot of non renewable energy, but this could change
  • It will be some time before hydrogen is as freely available as petrol is now
  • Hydrogen, like petrol, is flammable, but there are systems we can use to allow safe use
19
Q

What are the cons of solar energy

A
  • It doesn’t work at night
  • PV cells are very expensive but are getting cheaper
20
Q

What are the cons of wind energy

A
  • No wind, no power
  • Some people object because they feel wind farms spoil the view
  • Wind farms create a constant low-level noise
  • They can interfere with television reception and radar
21
Q

What are the cons of wave energy

A
  • Wave energy generators are only effective where they are exposed to strong waves
  • They can be noisy
  • Wave energy generators may be a hazard to ships and leisure craft.
22
Q

What are the cons of tidal energy

A
  • There are only a few suitable places for tidal energy projects
  • Tidal stream technology is at a very early stage of development
  • Tidal schemes are expensive to install compared with other renewable energies
  • Damming bays or inlets can affect the environment over a huge area
  • Barrage schemes will only provide energy for about 10 hours each day, as the tide moves in and out
23
Q

What is rarefaction in a longitudinal wave?

A
  • Rarefaction is that part of longitudinal wave in which the medium of particles apart
24
Q

What is frequency?

A
  • The number of waves passing a point in a unit amount of time
25
Q

What is wave speed?

A
  • The distance a wave has travelled in a unit amount of time
  • The speed at which a wave moves through a medium
26
Q

What is refraction?

A
  • The change in direction of a wave passing a boundary.
27
Q

What causes light to bend towards the normal?

A
  • The light wave is being transmitted through a medium of higher density, which causes it to slow down and refract towards the normal.
28
Q

What causes light to bend towards the normal?

A
  • The light wave is being transmitted through a medium of lower density, which causes it to speed up and refract away from the normal.
29
Q

What are the four things a wave does when crossing boundaries?

A
  • Transmission
  • Refraction
  • Absorption
  • Reflection
30
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A
  • Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
31
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A
  • Vibrations that are parallel to the direction of energy transfer
  • Sound waves, earthquakes
32
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A
  • A wave with oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer
  • Electromagnetic waves
33
Q

During a refraction practical, what are the potential hazards and their mitigations

A

Ray box gets hot:
- Minor burns
- Do not touch bulb and allow time to cool
Semi dark environment:
- Increased trip hazard
- Ensure environment is clear of potential trip hazards before lowering lights

34
Q

What are the three stages of total internal reflection?

A
  • For light travelling from glass into air the angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence.
  • When the angle of refraction is exactly 90°, then the angle of incidence is called the critical angle C.
  • When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle none of it is refracted, the ray is totally internally reflected, and the law of reflection is obeyed, i = r.
35
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

Ultrasound waves have a frequency higher than the upper limit for human hearing – above 20,000 Hertz (Hz). Different species of animal have different hearing ranges. This explains why a dog can hear the ultrasound produced by a dog whistle, but humans cannot.

36
Q

Give examples of uses of ultrasound

A

Uses of ultrasound include:
- breaking kidney stones
- cleaning jewellery
- foetal scanning
- detecting cracks in machinery

37
Q

What is infrasound

A

Sound waves with a frequency below the human hearing range of 20 Hz

38
Q

What are the uses of infrasound

A

Infrasound can be used to investigate the internal structure of our planet, just like ultrasound is used for foetal scanning. Earthquakes produce very powerful seismic waves that can be classed as infrasound waves.

Year 9 - Physics (2 decks)

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