End Of Years Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What were king charles and his supporters known as during the english civil war?
A
Royalists
2
Q
What were parliment and there supporters known as during the english civil war?
A
The parliamentarians
3
Q
What is the divine right?
A
The belief that kings were chosen by god
4
Q
Who were the cavaliers in the war?
A
The royalists
5
Q
Who were the roundheads during the civil war?
A
The parlimentarians
6
Q
Where was parliment most popular ?
A
South on england (especially London)
7
Q
Who were usually to fight for the king?
A
The rich lords and country gentlemen
8
Q
What were soldiers without horses known as?
A
Infantry or footsoldiers
9
Q
What would roundheads wear?
A
-They wore very simple clothes
-many of these people were traders or merchants
-roundheads were called this name because they cut their hair very short
10
Q
What would the cavaliers wear?
A
-These people had fancy clothes and long hair
-those who supported the king were called cavaliers because many of them fought on horseback and had royal arms
11
Q
To tell which side was which what did the royalists and roundheads wear?
A
Royalists - red sashes
Parlimentarians- yellow sashes
12
Q
How many different clashes were there during the civil war?
A
635
13
Q
Who was oliver cromwell?
A
He came from norfolk as a farmer. He was a puritan. They gave him the task of training new set of troops to take on the King’s men - the new model army
14
Q
When was the new model army created?
A
February 1645 by the parlimentarians
15
Q
What was different about the new model army to the old army?
A
It did not matter what social class you were, but depended on your ability to fight well. In the past, people became officers because they came from powerful and wealthy families. In the New Model Army men were promoted when they showed themselves to be good soldiers.
16
Q
What did horseback give the parlimentarins during the civil war?
A
It gave them a speed advantage
17
Q
What was the new models army peak of men?
A
Around 68,000 men in the early 1650s
18
Q
Who was the commander of the model army first?
A
Sir Thomas Fairfax
19
Q
Who was the commander of the new model army - second?
A
Oliver cromwell
20
Q
What is russet?
A
It was the reddish-brown colour of the New Model army’s coats
21
Q
What battles did the new model army win?
A
-The battle of Maston Moor
-Naseby
22
Q
What happened in Scotland with Charles I?
A
He surrendered in Scotland hoping he would be safe by the north border. But the scottish sold him to Parliment for £400,000 as a prisoner
23
Q
What year was Charles I kept as a prisoner and where?
A
In 1648 in Carisbrook Castle on the Isle of white
24
Q
How many members of parliment were there in 1649?
A
286
25
How many members of parliment thought Charles should be given a second chance?
240
26
In what month did charles persuade the scots to do? And what was this thing?
When charles was locked up in 1648 (august) he persuaded the Scots to invade england. However this didn't last long because cause they were beaten by the New model army
27
What happened when parliment next wanted to meet up for a discussion?
The 240 men that thought charles should be given another chance were stopped from entering Parliment by Cromwell's troops
28
What was the votes for charles to be put on trial?
26-20 votes, it was decided that charles should be put on for treason
29
How many lawers and judges were chosen to trial Charles?
135
30
How many of these lawers actually showed up to the trial?
67-68 turned up
31
When was Charles trial going to take place ?
Saturday 20th January 1649
32
What was the man's name who was leading the trial?
John bradshaw
33
What is treason?
When someone goes against the king or queen of a country
34
What did lots of people wear on the heads?
They wore specially reinforced hats for protection. They wore it for identity protection cause they were scared of Charles power and they thought if charles won they would get punished aswell if they did not wear this.
35
How calm or scared is charles during the trial?
He was very calm, apathetic (not bothered), arrogant - he refused to answer any questions
- taking his time
36
What made the trial rigged?
Cromwell made sure that all MP's in the case had confirmed that they would vote for Charles to be executed. Cromwell did not allow royalists to be at the trial
37
What happened when the trial opened?
Charles was asked to say whether he pleaded innocent or guilty to the charges. He replied and said I am your king and I refuse to talk
38
What were the charges put against Charles?
Treasons, murders, burnings, damage and destruction caused during the war. He is a tyrant, traitor, murderer and an enemy of the people of England
39
How many judges turned up on each day?
Monday 22 , 1649: 70 judges
Tuesday 23, 1649: 71 judges
Saturday 27, 1649: 68 judges
40
When was the execution date set out for charles?
Tuesday 30th of January
41
How many judges signed the death warrent for charles?
59
42
What is a lord protecter?
It is a title for the head of the state of England- Oliver Cromwell
43
What is a republican?
Someone who believes that a country without a monarch is fairer
44
What were reasons why cromwell fell out with Parliment?
- cromwell thought quakers should be left in peace but parliment saw them as a huge threat to laws and order because they often disrupted church services
- the country was split up into 11 districts with 1 major general for each district. The people did not like being ruled by soldiers
-Restricting peoples freedoms/ traditions e.g no gambling
-cromwell dismissed the Rump parliment, made himself lord protecter
45
How many men did cromwell take with him to ireland and what date?
12,000 men and it was 1649, august
46
What was the seventeenth century rule?
A besieged city that refuses an opportunity to surrender and is then taken by attack then taken by attack can expect no mercy
47
Where was the battle in irland?
The coastal town of drogheda
48
What did cromwell give a chance to irland for?
He gave a chance for them to surreneder
49
What side was irland on?
The royalists side
50
Who was the drogheda leader?
Sir arthur aston
51
How did cromwell's men get in the town?
They blew a hole throigh the solid wall. After the third attack on the hole cromwell and his men broke in
52
What did cromwell order to happen in drogheda?
He ordered that no armed man or catholic priest be left alive
53
How did sir arthur aston die?
He was bludgeoned to death with his own wooden leg after rumours had spread that it was full of gold coins
54
How many people died in drogheda - the irish?
3500
55
How many of cromwells troops die in drogheda?
150
56
What happened to the rest of the survivors - the irish?
They were sold into slavery and transported to Barbados
57
How many people died in Wexford- the irish?
2000
58
Reasons for the population of britain to explode after 1750... name 3
-farmers produced more food. Meant that people had a healthier option of food. Meant they could fight diseases better
-more couples began to marry younger. It could give them more time to have kids
-after 1800 cheap soap became readily available
-After 1800, there were more and more factories. These employed child workers. Some parents had more children knowing they could sent them out to earn money for the household.
-In 1796, Edward Jenner discovered how to vaccinate against one of Britain’s worst diseases – smallpox. Gradually more and more people were treated, until 1870, when vaccination was made compulsory for all Smallpox disappeared.
59
Who found out how to vaccinate smallpox and when?
Edward jenner and this was in 1796
60
What was the problem with houses during the industrial revolution?
They were terraces built back to back and some even were made without foundations. To save money
61
Water supplies during industrial revolution.
-Toilets would have been nothing more than cesspits. When these were filled they had to be emptied and what was collected was loaded onto a cart before being dumped in a local river.
-There were few building regulations then and those that did exist were frequently ignored. None of these homes was built with a bathroom, toilet or running water.
-A block of 40 houses would have possibly 6 toilets for all persons. It is estimated that on average 9 people lived in one house, which would mean that 6 toilets served 360 people
-You either washed in a tin bath in the home with the water being collected from a local pump or you simply did not wash. Many didn’t wash as it was simply easier.
62
What were two times in London's history when the air became not just foul-smelling but actually deadly?
The Great stink, The Great Smog
63
What was the Great stink? And when was it?
the Great Stink, was when the River Thames became a giant sewer overflowing not only with human waste but also dead animals, rotting food and toxic raw materials from the riverside factories. July 1858
64
What was the Great Smog? And when was it?
The Great Smog was when the air became so polluted and thick that people couldn’t see or breathe on the streets of London. 1952
65
What were some diseases in the 19th century?
Victorian cities, especially London, were filled with deadly diseases such as Cholera, Typhoid, Smallpox, Scarlet Fever and Measles.
66
What is miasma?
The belief that diseases were caused by bad smells
67
What causes cholera ?
It was caused by the use of contaminated drinking water.
68
How many people was estimated to die per week in 1848?
2000
69
How did typhus spread?
Typhus, distinct from Typhoid was spread by body lice and dirty conditions.
70
What depended on if you had a good or bad life?
Your quality of life during the Victorian times depended on whether you were rich or poor.
71
When did cholera first arrive in britain?
1831
72
What is the victorian poor act?
If you were unemployed, you were sent to the dreaded workhouse
73
What is laissez faire?
Government does not get involved in the day to day life of citezins, only big affairs of state. This led to a lack of legislation improving living standards and conditions during the first half of the 1800's
74
What did the government believe caused poor living conditions?
Laziness
75
What was Edwin Chadwick asked to do by the government?
To order a full-scale enquiry into the health of British people. The person put in charge of this enquiry was Edwin Chadwick.
76
What was the name of his report and when was it published?
His report, The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population, was published in 1842.
77
What 3 things did Chadwick argue needed to change to improve public health?
Chadwick argued that three main things were needed to improve health:
•Human waste removal
•an effective sewage system and clean running water in every house
•a qualified medical officer appointed in each area
78
What did the government do initially once his report had been published?
Initially the government rejected his ideas, but following a huge outbreak of cholera they had no choice but to act.
79
Explain what the Public Health Act was.
1) A national Board of Health was set up – the first time that the government had made legislation relating to health issues.
2) In towns where the death rate was very high the government could force the local council to make public health improvements to water supply and sewerage and appoint a medical officer of health.
3) Local councils were encouraged to collect taxes to pay for public health improvements if they had support of local tax-payers.
4) Councils were allowed to appoint medical officers of health to oversee public health.
80
What two dates were the two public health acts passed to clean up towns and cities across england?
1848 and 1875
81
Where did John snow pick to investigate cholera?
Soho, London
82
What did john snow ask permission for?
To remove the handle of the Broad street pump
83
What did snow find out about the Broad street pump?
He investigates and found out that a street toilet, only 1 metre from the pump, had a cracked lining and this allowed filthy water to trickle into the drinking water
84
Who was the first person to realise cholera was not caused by miasma but contaminated water instead?
John Snow
85
When did John Snow investigate Soho?
1854
86
When was the Great stink?
The hot summer of 1858
87
How many different proposals did Bazalgette carefully review?
137
88
How many miles of new lined sewers did Bazalgette use?
82miles
89
When did the sewers finish being built?
1866
90
how much money was Bazalgette given?
£3million (todays money around 1 billion)
91
Cromwell - evidence for hero?
-Cromwell was a strict army commander
He punished his soldiers for swearing, drunkness and looting
-cromwell trained his soldiers so they were very disciplined
-cromwell promoted soldiers on there merit instead of social class
92
What is the industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines
93
What is a tyrant?
A cruel and oppresive ruler
94
When did the civil war start?
1642
95
What is an interregnum?
The period between kings
96
When did cromwell die?
3 September 1658
