End Pf Years Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What is the worldwide sum of all the ecosystems
A
The biosphere
2
Q
What is an ecosystem made of
A
Biotic and abiotic components
3
Q
Ecosystems are …. Systems and are …….
A
Open systems, are interdependent
4
Q
What are the ranges of ecosystems
A
Micro, meso, macro
5
Q
What are biomes
A
Global scale ecosystems
6
Q
What are the global distribution of biomes
A
Temperate, grassland, savanna, coniferous, deciduous, tropical, rainforest, tundra, ice, mountains
7
Q
What are the factors that influence the distribution of biomes
A
Latitude, temperature, rainfall, continentality, altitude, soils
8
Q
Ecosystems are ….. and something which impacts one ecosystem or ….. will have an impact on …..
A
Interconnected, food chain, another
9
Q
What are the indicators of development?
A
GNI per capita, literacy rates, infant mortality rates, life expectancy, ecological footprint, HDI
10
Q
How are countries classified by there development
A
Developed, emerging, developing
11
Q
What are HICs
A
High Income Countries
12
Q
What are LICs
A
Low Income Countries
13
Q
What are BRICs
A
Brazil, Russia, India, China
14
Q
What are NICs
A
Newly Industrialised countries
15
Q
What are the factors that can influence a countries development
A
Environmental Factors, historical factors, debt, dependence on primary activities
16
Q
Different levels of ….. exist …….. countries as well as ………
A
Development, within, between
17
Q
Development is a process of what?
A
Change
18
Q
Development occurs at different ……. and ……. in different countries
A
Rates, Times
19
Q
What is the Clark - Fisher model?
A
This model shows how the industries that people work in change over time.
20
Q
What is absolute poverty?
A
Absolute poverty is defined by the UN as earning less than $2.15 a day
21
Q
Ingnore
A
Ignore
22
Q
What is the cycle of poverty
A
Poor household —> little food, unclean water, no school —> Diseases, infections. No energy and skills to work —> Low productivity. —> Low or no income —> Low self esteem, no personal control —> High child births, sick elderly, more dependents —> poor household
23
Q
What is bilateral aid?
A
Donor countries give aid to the recipient country. The recipient country than has to repay what they got given
24
Q
What is an ecosystem?
A
An ecosystem is a natural environment and includes the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) that live and interact within that environment.
25
What are Abiotic Factors?
Abiotic factors are non-living components of the ecosystem
26
What are Biotic factors
Biotic Factors are living things
27
What are Biomes
Large scale ecosystems
28
What does Temperate mean?
relating to or denoting a region or climate characterized by mild temperatures.
29
What does abscission mean?
the natural detachment of parts of a plant, typically dead leaves and ripe fruit.
30
What does deciduous mean?
When a tree loses its leaves annually (it goes through the process of Abscission
31
What does Coniferous mean?
When trees keep their leaves the whole year (it doesn’t go through the process of abscission)
32
What are Food webs?
a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.
33
What are food chains?
a series of organisms that eat one another so that energy and nutrients flow from one to the next.
34
What is an Open system?
A system that keeps going round
35
What is a closed system?
???
36
What are Carnivores?
Animals that only eat meat
37
What are Herbivores?
Animals that do not eat meat
38
What are consumers?
Animals that do not produce their own energy
39
What are producers
Animals that can produce their own energy
40
What are tropic levels?
Trophic levels describe the position of an organism in a food chain, web or pyramid
41
What are decomposers?
A type of bacteria that decomposes leaf litter
42
What is the nutrient cycle?
the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of matter.
43
What is desertification?
the degradation process by which a fertile land changes itself into a desert by losing its flora and fauna
44
What is deforestation?
the clearing of forests
45
Where are deciduous woodlands found?
mid-latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere
46
What are the layers within a woodland called?
Tree canopy, understory, shrub layer and ground layer
47
What is found within the Tree canopy?
branches and leaves of the tree
48
What is found in the understory?
trees stunted through lack of light, other small trees with low light requirements, saplings, shrubs, vines and undergrowth
49
What is found in the shrub layer?
younger specimens of the canopy trees, together with smaller trees and shrubs which are adapted to grow under lower light conditions, such as hazel, holly, hawthorn and rowan.
50
What is found in the ground layer?
mosses, lichens, ivy, fungi and rotten leaves
51
What is special about deciduous woodlands?
The distinctive feature of deciduous woodlands is deciduous trees, which shed their leaves annually
52
How does the nutrient cycle work?
Plants absorb nutrients from the atmosphere and soil
Biomass littering into soils
Fragmentation and decomposition by fungi and bacteria
53
Why do woodlands need to be managed?
Without some form of management many of our woodlands will become dark, over-shaded and dominated by big mature trees without any variation in structure, age or cover. Ultimately this reduces the amount of wildlife that can live in them
54
What is coppicing
When you cut a tree close to the base and it grows again
55
What is pollarding?
cut off the top and branches of (a tree) to encourage new growth at the top.
56
How has oak adapted to its environment? (One adaptation)
deep root systems that help them find water
57
What are the causes of desertification?
Population growth
Overgrazing
Removal of wood
Soil erosion
Climate change
58
What are the effects of desertification?
Loss of biodiversity
Migration
Increased poverty
59
What is a solution of desertification?
Plating more trees because the roots of trees hold the soil together and help to reduce soil erosion from wind and rain. Improving the quality of the soil - this can be managed by encouraging people to reduce the number of grazing animals they have and grow crops instead.
60
What are the causes of deforestation?
Animal Agriculture
Crop production
Timber logging
Infastructure
61
What are the effects of deforestation?
climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
62
What is a solution to deforestation?
supporting carbon offset programs that protect existing forests or plant new trees
63
What does development mean?
the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced
64
What are literacy rates
defined by the percentage of the population of a given age group that can read and write
65
What is death rate?
the number of people who die each year per 100,000 population
66
What is birth rate?
the ratio between the number of live-born births in the year and the average total population of that year
67
What is life expectancy?
the number of years a person can expect to live. By definition, life expectancy is based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population group will be when they die.
68
What is child mortality rate?
the probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births.
69
What is the primary industry?
an industry that produces energy or basic materials, such as coal, oil, metals, crops
70
What is the secondary industry?
industry that converts the raw materials provided by primary industry into commodities and products for the consumer; manufacturing industry.
71
What is the tertiary industry?
providing services to people, for example a cleaner or a doctor.
72
What is the quaternary industry?
Quaternary industry is the newest sector and focuses on knowledge-based industries.
73
What is absolute poverty?
When someone earns less than $2.15 a day
74
What is relative poverty?
Relative poverty is when households receive 50% less than average household incomes. So they do have some money but still not enough money to afford anything above the basics.
75
What does UNSDG mean?
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
76
What does developed countries mean?
A country that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure
77
What does developing countries mean?
developing country is a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.
78
What is an emerging country?
one whose economy is not yet fully developed yet either was in the recent past or very likely will be in the near future
79
What are HICs
High Income Countries
80
What are LICs
Low Income Cointries
81
What are NICs?
Nearly Industrialised Countries
82
What are BRICs
Brazil
Russia
India
China
83
What is the multiplier effect?
how many times money spent circulates through a country's economy
84
What is trade?
action of buying and selling goods and services.
85
What is Foreign Direct Investment?
The taking of a controlling ownership in a company in one country by company based in another country.
86
What is aid?
to provide support for or relief to; help usually giving money, education or resources
87
What is the definition of Development?
the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced
88
What are some indicators of development?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ...
Gross National Product (GNP) ...
GNP per capita. ...
Birth and death rates. ...
The Human Development Index (HDI) ...
Infant mortality rate. ...
Literacy rate. ...
Life expectancy.
89
Which three indicators are used to work out the HDI?
life expectancy, education, and per capita income.
90
What are the 4 key factors that affect development
Debt
Historical factors
Environmental factors
Dependency on primary activities
91
What does the development gap mean?
to the widening gap between the richest (most developed) and poorest (least developed) countries of the world.
92
Why is income/GNI/GDP of a country/capita not a good indicator of development?
It accounts only for income in terms of economic development and offers no insight into quality of life.
93
What does the Clark fisher model show?
The percentage of employment in the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors over time
94
What are the causes of poverty?
Lack of shelter.
Limited access to clean water resources.
Food insecurity.
Physical disabilities.
Lack of access to health care.
Unemployment.
Absence of social services.
Gender discrimination.
95
What are the three main types of aid?
Bilateral, multilateral, NGO
96
What is weather?
The day to day changes in the state of the atmosphere.
97
What is climate?
The average weather conditions in a particular area averaged out over 30 years
98
What is an Anticyclone?
It is a high pressure system where the sky is clear and the weather is stable
99
What is a depression
A low pressure system with strong winds and changeable conditions
100
What is wind?
Air moving from high pressure to low pressure
101
What are isobars?
a line on a map connecting points having the same atmospheric pressure at a given time or on average over a given period.
102
What is an Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
It’s a band of low pressure around the Earth which generally lies near to the equator
103
What is the Coriolis force?
It deflects the direction of the wind to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
104
What is the coriolis force?
It deflects the direction of the wind to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
105
What is the tricellular model?
shows how energy is transferred polewards
106
What is the Hadley cell?
low-latitude overturning circulations that have air rising at the equator and air sinking at roughly 30° latitude
107
What is the ferrel cell?
air converges at low altitudes to ascend along the boundaries between cool polar air and the warm subtropical air that generally occurs between 30 and 60 degrees north and south.
108
What is the polar cell?
extend from between 60 and 90 degrees north and south, to the poles. Air in these cells sinks over the highest latitudes and flows out towards the lower latitudes at the surface.
109
What is the abyssal plain?
Thick layers of sediment that are formed by the sunken remains of dead organisms from the surface
110
What is a bathymetric map?
These charts show the sea floor using the depth of lines to show what the sea floor looks like
111
What is a continental shelf?
Area of seabed around a large land mass. It is usually submerged under an area of relatively shallow aater
112
What is a continental slope?
The steep slope between the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor
113
What are sea mounts?
These are volcanoes whos peaks do not break the surface of the ocean (yet)
114
What is a mid ocean ridge?
Underwater mountain range that forms in either side of a valley as the sea floor spreads
115
What is a deep ocean trench?
Long narrow steep sided canyons which form on the bottom of the ocean
116
What are volcanic islands?
Solitary mountains formed by volcanic activity.
117
What is the thermohaline circulation?
A series of ocean currents
118
What is carbon sink?
anything that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases
119
What is ocean acidification?
When carbon dioxide levels in the air increase, the amount of CO2 that dissolves into the oceans increases. This makes the water more acidic
