Endo 1

Question 1

How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?

Answer 1

it is slower but longer lasting

Question 2

What are the three general things that hormones regulate?

Answer 2

1. maintenance of homeostasis
2. Growth and differentiation
3. reproduction

Question 3

What are the specialized endocrine glands?

Answer 3

-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid gland
-adrenal gland
-pineal gland

Question 4

What are some organs that secrete hormones but their primary function is not endocrine regulation?

Answer 4

-hypothalamus
-skin
-adipose tissue
-thymus
-heart
-liver
-stomach
-pancreas
-small intestine
-kidney
-gonads

Question 5

What are the three classes of hormones?

Answer 5

-proteins and polypeptide hormones
-steroids
-amine

Question 6

Where are protein/polypeptide hormones made?

Answer 6

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, and pacrease

Question 7

How are protein/polypeptide proteins made?

Answer 7

made first as a preprohormones
-then converted into prohormones
-prohormone is then cleaved into active hormone and inactive fragments

Question 8

Where are steroid hormones made in?

Answer 8

adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes

Question 9

What is the precursor of all steroid hormones?

Answer 9

cholesterol

Question 10

What are amine hormones derived from?

Answer 10

tyrosine

Question 11

What type of hormones are amine hormones?

Answer 11

thyroid hormones and adrenal medullary neurohormones

Question 12

What do thyroid hormones bind to?

Answer 12

thyroglobin

Question 13

Are epinephrine and norpepinephrine stored?

Answer 13

yes, they are made and then stored in vesicles until they are needed

Question 14

How do amine, peptides, and protein hormones circulate?

Answer 14

freelyt

Question 15

How do steroid and thyroid hormones circulate?

Answer 15

bound to specific transport proteins

Question 16

Is the bound or free version of the protein active?

Answer 16

the free version

Question 17

Where are most binding proteins made?

Answer 17

in the liver

Question 18

What determines the location of the hormone receptor?

Answer 18

the properties of the hormone

Question 19

Where are lipophobic hormone receptors?

Answer 19

the plasma membrane

Question 20

Where are lipophilic hormone receptors?

Answer 20

in the nucleus

Question 21

Are receptors on the plasma membrane or on the nucleus faster?

Answer 21

plasma membrane

Question 22

What are the four types of plasma membrane hormone receptors?

Answer 22

• G protein coupled receptors
• tyrosine kinase
  -serine kinase
  -cytokine

Question 23

What is the function of nuclear receptors?

Answer 23

increase or decrease gene expression

Question 24

What are the three different hormone interactions?

Answer 24

antagonism
synergistic
permissive

Question 25

What are tropic hormones?

Answer 25

hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets

Question 26

Where is thyrotropin hormone released from?

Answer 26

hypothalamus

Question 27

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone released from?

Answer 27

anterior pituitary

Question 28

Where is thyroid hormone released from?

Answer 28

follicular cells of thyroid gland

Question 29

What are primary endocrine disorders?

Answer 29

abnormalities in the last endocrine organ secreting the hormone leading to either hypo or hyper secretion

Question 30

What can cause primary endocrine disorders?

Answer 30

-partial destruction of gland -dietary deficiency -enzyme deficiency requires for hormone synthesis

Question 31

What can a tumor in the endocrine gland cause?

Answer 31

primary hypersecretion

Question 32

What are secondary endocrine disorders?

Answer 32

abnormalities in tropic hormone leading to either hypo or hyper section

Question 33

What does a lack of sufficient tropic hormone cause?

Answer 33

secondary hyposecretion

Question 34

What does a tumor that leads to increase secretion of tropic hormones cause?:

Answer 34

secondary hypersecretion

Question 35

Levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol in primary hypersecretion?

Answer 35

-low CRH -Low ACTH -high cortisol

Question 36

Levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol in secondary hypersecretion?:

Answer 36

-low CRH -excess ACTH -excess cortisol

Question 37

Is TSH high or low in primary hyperthyroidism?

Answer 37

low (the negative feedback of increased cortisol would cause a decrease in TSH)

Question 38

Is TSH high or low in secondary hyperthyroidism?

Answer 38

high (secondary due to increase in tropic hormone , in this case TSH)

Question 39

Is TSH high or low in primary hypothyroidism?

Answer 39

high (decrease in cortisol would try to increase by releasing more TSH)

Question 40

Is TSH high or low in secondary hypothyroidism?

Answer 40

low (messed up anterior pituitary would not secrete enough TSH, to allow for making of enough cortisol)

Question 41

What are the diagnostic tests for endocrine function?

Answer 41

-plasma hormone levels -autoantibodies tests -urine hormone or hormone metabolite levels -stimulation tests by administration of tropic or stimulating hormone -suppression tests when hyperfunction of an endocrine organ is suspected -measurement of hormone receptor presence, number and affinity -imagining