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First Aid Step 1 2021 > ENDO > Flashcards

ENDO Flashcards

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1
Q

Mediastinal Anterior Compartments

A

4Ts
Thymoma
Terrible lymphoma
Thyroid neoplasm (ectopic, goiter)
Teratoma, seminoma, nonseminoma

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2
Q

Mediastinal Middle Compartments

A

CVELL
Cystic masses (bronchogenic, pericardial)
Vascular masses
Esophageal tumors
Lymphoma
Lymphadenopathy (sarcoidosis and lung cancer)

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3
Q

Mediastinal Posterior Compartments

A

Lymphoma
Metastasis spinal masses, Meningocele
Neurogenic tumor (schwanomma, neurofibroma)

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4
Q

Vitamin D function

A

Bone: Ca and Phosphate insertion
Kidney: inc Ca and Phosphate resorption
Blood: inc Ca and Phos levels

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5
Q

PTH function

A

Bone: inc Ca and Phosphate release
Kidney: inc Ca resorption, dec Phosphate resorption
Blood: inc Ca levels and dec Phosphate levels

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6
Q

Calcitonin function

A

Bone: dec Ca and Phosphate release
Kidney: inc Ca and Phosphate excretion
Blood: dec Ca and Phosphate levels

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7
Q

Insulin dependent glucose transporter/s

A

Glut4: adipose tissue and striated muscle

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8
Q

Insulin independent glucose transporters

A

BRICKLIPS
Brain - GLUT1, GLUT3
RBCs - GLUT1
Intestines - GLUT2, GLUT5, SGLT1/SGLT2
Cornea - GLUT1
Kidney - GLUT2, SGLT1/SGLT2
Liver - GLUT2
Islet beta cells - GLUT2
Placenta - GLUT1, GLUT3
Spermatocytes - GLUT5

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9
Q

Cortisol function

A

A BIG FIB
Appetite INC
Blood pressure INC
Insulin resistance INC
Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis INC
Fibroblast activity DEC
Inflammatory and immune response DEC
Bone formation DEC (dec osteoblast activity)

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10
Q

Treatment for Acromegaly

A

COP
Cabergoline (dopamine agonist)
Octreotide
Pegvisomant (GH receptor antagonist)

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11
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis lab results

A

(+) antimicrosomal/antithyroid peroxidase antibody
(+) antithyroglobulin antibody
(+) Hurtle cells
HLADR3

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12
Q

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis/De quervain findings

A

Very tender thyroid
Preceeded by viral infection
Activation of cytotoxic T cells
Blood flow decreased on UTZ
Dec TSH, radioiodine uptake
Inc T3 T4, thyroglobulin

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13
Q

Reidel’s thyroiditis findings

A

Hard, nontender, woody, fixed thyroid
IgG4-related disease
Fibrosis may extend to trachea and esophagus

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14
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism/cretinism

A

6Ps
Pale
Poor brain development
Puffy faced
Protuberant tongue
Protuberant umbilicus
Pot bellied

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15
Q

Treatment for thyroid storm

A

4Ps
PTU
Propanolol
Potassium iodide
Prednisolone

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16
Q

Pseudohypothyroidism features

A

Maternally transmitted mutations (imprinted GNAS gene)
Autosomal dominant
Inactivation of adenylate cyclase
End organ resistance (kidney and bone) to PTH
INC PTH and Phosphate
DEC Calcium

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17
Q

Pseudopseudohypoparathyrodism features

A

No end organ resistance
Normal PTH, Ca and Phosphate
Paternally transmitted
Autosomal dominant

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18
Q

Pseudohypothyrodism PE findings

A

DR SSS
Developmental delay
Round face

Shortened 4th/5th digit
Short stature
Subcutaneous calcifications

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19
Q

Cushing Syndrome Findings

A

OOH BAM CUSHINGS
Osteoporosis
Obesity
Hirsutism

Buffalo hump
Amenorrhea
Moon facies

Cholesterol INC
Urinary free cortisol INC
Skin changes (thinning, striae, acanthosis nigricans)
Hypertension
Immunosupression
Neoplasm as cause
Growth restriction in children
Sugar in blood INC

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20
Q

Electrolyte imbalance seen in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency

A

Low CASE
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Sodium
Epinephrine

high PAN
Potassium
ADH/vasopressin
Norepinephrine

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21
Q

Neuroendocrine cells share a common biologic function through

A

Amine Precursor Uptake Decarboxylase (APUD)

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22
Q

Neuroblastoma lab findings

A

Amplification of N-myc gene

(+) HVA and VMA in urine
Homer-Wright rosettes in biopsy
(+) bombesin and NSE

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23
Q

Electrolyte imbalance in Hyperaldosteronism

Study These Flashcards
A

INC Sodium and bicarbonate
DEC Potassium and H+
Metabolic alkalosis

24
Q

Pheochormocytoma rule of 10s

Study These Flashcards
A

10% maligant
10% bilateral
10% extraadrenal (bladder wall, organ of Zuckerkandl)
10% calcify
10% kids

25
Episodic hyperadrenergic symptoms of Pheochromocytoma
5 Ps Pain - headache Pressure - inc BP Perspiration Pallor Palpitations
26
Pheochormocytoma lab findings
(+) HVA and VMA in urine and plasma (+) chromogranin, synaptophysin, NSE
27
Treatment for Pheochromocytoma
Phenoxybenzamine (irreversible alpha antagonist) then beta blockers prior to tumor resection
28
Whipple triad in Insulinoma
1. low blood glucose 2. Symptoms of hypoglycemia (eg, lethargy, syncope, diplopia) 3. resolution of symptoms after normalization of plasma glucose levels. S
29
Glucagonoma presentation
6Ds Dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema) Diabetes (hyperglycemia) DVT Declining weight Depression Diarrhea
30
Somatostatinoma presentation
Diabetes/glucose intolerance Achlorydia Gallstones Steatorrhea
31
Carcinoid syndrome presentation
WaRDEN Wheezing Right-sided valvular heartdisease (eg, tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonic stenosis) Diarrhea Episodic flushing Niacin deciency (pellagra)
32
Carcinoid tumor lab findings
INC urinary 5-HIAA Histology: prominent rosettes (+) chromogranin A , synaptophysin
33
Rule of thirds in Carcinoid tumors
1/3 metastisize 1/3 present with 2nd malignancy 1/3 multiple
34
Drug that causes Liver: DEC glucose production
Adipose tissue & Skeletal muscle: INC insulin sensitivity 1. Biguanides - metformin 2. Thiozolidinediones - pioGLITAZONE rosiglitazone
35
Drug that causes Kidney: DEC glucose reabsorption
SGLT2 inhibitors 1. CanagliFLOZIN 2. Dapagliflozin 3. Empagliflozin
36
Drug that causes Intestine: DEC glucose absorption
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 1.Acarbose 2. Miglitol
37
Drug that causes Pancreas (alpha cells): DEC glucagon release Stomach: DEC gastric emptying
1. GLP1 analog - exeniTIDE, liraglutide 2. DPP4 inhibitors - linagLIPTIN, sitagliptin 3. amylin analogs - prAMLINtide
38
Drug that causes Pancreas (beta cells): INC insulin secretion
1. Sulfonylureas - chlorpropAMIDE, tolbutamide 2. meglitinides - nateGLINIDE, repaglinide 3. GLP1 analog - exeniTIDE, liraglutide 4. DPP4 inhibitors - linagLIPTIN, sitagliptin
39
Weight gain DM drugs
SIT Sulfonylurea - 1st gen: chlorpropaMIDE, tolbutamide, 2nd gen: glipizIDE, glyburide Insulin Thiazolidinediones - pioGLITAZONE, rosiglitazone
40
Weight loss DM drugs
MSG Metformin SGLT2 - CanaGLIFLOZIN, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin GLP 1 receptor antagonist - exenaTIDE, liraglutide
41
Weight neutral DM drugs
DPP4 inhibitors "DiPaPataba"
42
Side effect of Metformin
Lactic acidosis Vitamin B12 deficiency
43
DM drug with an increase in risk of fractures
Pioglitazone Rosiglitazone
44
DM drug that may cause pancreatitis
GLP-1 analogs - Exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide
45
DM drug that may cause respiratory infections such as nasopharyngitis and urinary infections
DPP-4 inhibitors - Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin
46
Side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors
Glucosuria UTIs vulvovaginal candidiasis dehydration Orthostatic hypotension
47
Benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors
1. Reduce BP by intravascular volume reduction 2. Lower mortality for HF by DECreasing preload and afterload 3. Slow progression of DM nephropathy
48
Thyroid drug associated with ANCA (+) vasculitis
PTU
49
Thyroid drug associated with aplasia cutis
Methimazole
50
Desmopressin is clincally used in:
Central DI von Willebrand disease sleep enuresis hemophilia A
51
Somatostatin/octreotide is clinically used in:
Carcinoid syndrome Acromegaly Gastrinoma Glucagonoma esophageal varices
52
Mutations of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
RET/APC rearrangement BRAF mutation
53
Mutations of Follicular carcinoma
RAS mutation PAX8-PPAR-Y translocation
54
Mutations of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
RET mutation
55
Mutation of Undifferentiated/Anaplastic Carcinoma
TP53 mutation
56
Mutation of Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A
maternally transmitted Imprinting GNAS gene

First Aid Step 1 2021 (3 decks)

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