Endo

Question 1

Posterior pituitary

Answer 1

ADH (vasopressin)and oxytocin produced in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituiritary

Question 2

ADH action

Answer 2

Decrease urine output by increaseing water reabsorption at collecting ducts
Vascular constriction-increased vascular resistance and increase BP

Question 3

Oxytocin

Answer 3

Uterine contraction MILK EJECTION not production from sucking not milk production

Question 4

Anterior pituitary

Answer 4

Store and release hormones and produce hormones

Question 5

FSH

Answer 5

Pulsation GnRH stimulate

Women-grow mature follicles

Men-sertoli cell to mature sperm

Inhibit by inhibit

Question 6

LH

Answer 6

Stim by pulsation release of GnRH from hypothalamus

Women-theca lutein cells for estrogen and progesterone production stimulate ovulation and maintain CL

Men-testosterone production, get negative feedback

Question 7

ACTCH

Answer 7

CRH stimulate

Act on adrenal cortex to make cortisol

Inhibited by cortisol

Question 8

TSH

Answer 8

Stim by TRH

Act on thyroid gland to make a Reduce thyroid hormone
Inhibit by somatostatin and T3 and T4

Question 9

GH

Answer 9

Stim by GHRH

Promote growth cell reproduction and generation

Inhibit by somatostatin

Question 10

Prolactin

Answer 10

TRH stimulate

Breast development

Inhibit ovulation

Stimulate milk production and secretion

Only pituitary hormone promptly controlled by its inhibitor WHIHC IS DOPAMINE

Question 11

Cortex outer

Answer 11

Mesoderm

Question 12

Medulla

Answer 12

NCC(ectoderm)
Make
Chromatin cells

Question 13

Adrenal cortex layers

Answer 13

Glomerulosa
Fasciculata
Reticularis

Question 14

Glomerulosa

Answer 14

SALT
Mineralocortocoid aldosterone

Na retention

Question 15

Fasciculata

Answer 15

Sugar

Cortisol-glucocorticoid regulate glucose metabolism

Question 16

Reticularis

Answer 16

Sex

Androgens

Question 17

Steroid hormone

Answer 17

Diffuse through plasma membrane

Bind intracellular receptors
—DNA binding transcription factors

Question 18

Chromatin

Answer 18

Produce catecholamines (E (Adrenalin)and NE

Question 19

Adrenal medulla most common tumor NOT MEDULLA

Answer 19

Pheochromocytoma

Question 20

Most common adrenal tumor

Answer 20

In medulla and adenoma, but if in cortex most common is pheochromocytoma)

Question 21

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 21

Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults

Chromaffin cell tumor that produces catecholamines

Episodes of HA, sweat, HTN, tachycardia

Question 22

Medulla kid most common tumor

Answer 22

Adrenal neuroblastoma-DONT GET episodes of HTN that you see in adults, causes sustained HTN

Question 23

Fetal adrenal gland

Answer 23

Important for lung maturation

Need cortisol for type II pneumocytes

Question 24

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 24

AR

21 a hydroxylase defiency
Or
11b hydroxylase

Too much androgens less others

Question 25

21 a hydroxylase

Answer 25

Can’t make aldosterone or cortisol Too much progesterone and 17 OH progesterone so go to androstenedione and testosterone Pituitary make more ACTH to stimulate the adrenal garland, but will exacerbate the problem Salt wasting hypotension from lack of aldosterone

Question 26

11B hydrozylase defiency

Answer 26

Can’t make aldosterone or cortisol ACTH up See DOC, deoxycorticosterone, so don’t get hypotension, HAVE HTN from sodium retention

Question 27

Why called congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 27

Too little cortisol overall, pituitary try to stimulate by secreting ACTH whihc stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex Hyperplasia or growth of adrenal gland

Question 28

Diabetes drugs

Answer 28

Biguanide-metformin Sulfonylurea-glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide Thiazolidinediones GLP-1 agonists-exenatide, liraglutide, ambiguities, dulaglutide DPP-4 inhibitors-sitagliptin, alogliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin SGLT-2 inhibitors-dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin

Question 29

Metformin MOA

Answer 29

Biguanide Decrease gluconeogenesis int he liver Improves insulin sensitivity

Question 30

Side effects metformin

Answer 30

GI upset, lactic acidosis

Question 31

Sulfonylureas MOA

Answer 31

Increase insulin

Question 32

Side effect sulfonylureas

Answer 32

Hypoglycemia, weight gain

Question 33

Thiazolinideniones MOA

Answer 33

Increase sensitivity to insulin Decrease gluconeogenesis I Bind PPAR gamma receptors in adipose, liver, skeletal (regulat FA storage and glucose metabolism, to improve insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue)

Question 34

Side effect thiazolidendiones

Answer 34

Fluid retention Weight gain

Question 35

MOA GLP-1 agonists

Answer 35

Increase glucose dependent insulin release Decrease glucagon release Promote delayed gastric emptying

Question 36

Side effects GLP-1 agonist

Answer 36

Nausea Injection

Question 37

DPP-4 inhibitors

Answer 37

Increase glucose dependent insulin release Less potent in GLP1 but use in older

Question 38

Side effect DPP4 inhibitos

Answer 38

Low side effects use old

Question 39

SGLT-2 inhibitor

Answer 39

Sodium glucose 2 inhibitors More glucose lost in urine, less blood glucose Lose weight Rely on normal kidney function to work

Question 40

Side effects SGLT-2 inhibitos

Answer 40

Recurrent UTI from mycotic infections with SGLT-2 inhibitors bc of increased glucose in urine Dehydration Diabetic ketoacidosis