Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Endocrinology: 4/3- 4/6 > Endo- FA > Flashcards

Endo- FA Flashcards

(42 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Medications (2) prior to surgery for pheochromocytoma?

A

phenoxybenzamine (irreversible alpha antagonist) followed by B-blocker (to repress reflex tachycardia)

*PHEnOxybenzamine for PHEO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eye finding in insulinoma?

A

diplopia

diplopia is one of symptoms of hypoglycemia
( other symptoms include lethargy, syncope)

  • Whipple triad: diplopia, lethargy (lack of energy), syncope (sudden loss of consciousness)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin)

  • what condition is associated with increased SHBG?
  • what condition is associated with decreased SHBG?
A
  • high SHBG -> low free testosterone
  • > gyenocomastia in men
  • low SHBG -> high free testosterone-> hirschitism in women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain TBG, total T3/T4, free T3/T4 in pregnant women.

A
  • TBG: increased by estrogen
  • total T3/T4: increased
  • free T3/T4: no change
  • euthyroid state. synthesis of T3/T4 does increase in response to increased TBG, but free T3/T4 stays same
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sheehan syndrome vs. pituitary apoplexy

: compare the similarity and difference

A

Both are hemorrhage induced hypopituitarism

  • Sheehan syndrome: ischemic infract of pituitary in POSTPARTUM BLEEDING
  • pituitary apoplexy: hemorrhage at pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diabetes, biliary colics, steatorrhea : what cancer should be in differential diagnosis?

A

somatostatinoma (pancreatic delta cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why diabetic patients are dehydrated?

A

osmotic polyuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ant.pituitary vs. Post. pituitary: embryological origin?

A

Ant: oral ecdoterm (Rathkes pouch)

Post: neuroectoderm (neuroectoderm gives rise to majority of CNS structures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Three hormones that act as insulin counter-regulatory hormones?

A

GH, T3, Cortisol

*GTC

lipolysis, gluconeogensis, glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structure is comprised of chromaffin cells?
What cancer is originated from this cell?
What embryological structure gives rise to this cell?

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • neuroendocrine tumors (pheo, neuroblastoma)
  • neural crest cell A in motelpass, Adrenal medulla, which is comprised of chromaffin cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hypothyroidism vs. hyperthyroidism: compare dyslipidmia

A

hypothyroidism
: low LDL receptor expression-> hypercholesterolemia

hyperthyroidism
: high LDL receptor expression-> hypocholesterolemia

LDL receptor goes with same (hypo: low, hyper: high)
cholesterolemia goes with opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thyroid: Jod-Basedow phenomenon vs. Wolff-Chaikoff effect

A

Jod-Basedow phenomenon
: Iodine DEFICIENCY -> thyrotoxicosis from partially hot nodule when iodine is REPLETED
* This is one type of hyperthyroidism

Wolff-Chaikff effect
: high Iodine -> temporarily inhibit thyroid peroxidase
-> reduced T3/T4 synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Iodine deficiency: hyper or hyperthyroidism?

A

EITHER

  • Iodine deficiency with partially hot nodule
  • > hyperthyroidism due to Jod-Basedow phenomenon
  • Iodine deficiency without hot nodule
  • > hypothyroidism due to impaired T3/T4 synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Physical exam findings of palpation on thyroid in hypothyrodisms

  • Hashimotto
  • subacute (deQuervain)
  • Riedel thyroiditis
A
  • Hashimotto: non-tender
  • subacute (deQuervain): very tender
  • deQuervain is the only tender thyroid. Whenever tender thyroid shows up, pick this one.
  • Riedel thyroiditis: hard (like rock), non-tender
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Histologic findings in hypothyroidisms

  • Hashimotto
  • subacute (deQuervain)
  • Ridel thyroiditis
A
  • Hashimotto: germinal centers
  • subacute (deQuervain): granuloma
  • Riedel thyroiditis: fibrosis (why feel hard on palpation) with inflammatory infiltrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autoimmune antibody in type 1 DM? What about HLA?

A

GAD-65 (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase)

HLA-DR3 and DR4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MEN2A and MEN2A: what gene is mutated? what chromosome? what does it code for?

Study These Flashcards
A

RET
chromosome 10 (MEN TEN)
encodes receptor tyrosine kinase

18
Q

How come PTH can be used for osteoporosis? In what fashion should PTH be given?

Study These Flashcards
A

intermittent PTH can also stimulate bone formation

19
Q

Two drugs that cause hypothyroidism?

Study These Flashcards
A

lithium

Amiadarone

20
Q

Lithium side effects

  • 2 endocrinology
  • 1 heart
  • 1 GI
Study These Flashcards
A

endocrinology

  • nephrogenic DI
  • hypothyroidism (snowboard with penguin in bowtie)

heart
- congenital Ebstein anomaly

GI
- GI disturbance: vomiting, nausea, diarrhea

21
Q

Type 1 DM pregnant. If insulin is given, what happens to fetus?

Study These Flashcards
A

insulin does NOT cross placenta.
However, it will lower mom’s blood sugar, which also lowers babies blood sugar (and baby’s insulin)

  • ONLY GLUCOSE can cross placenta. NOT for insulin
22
Q

Which two malignancies secrete PTHrP?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • squamous cell carcinoma of lung

- renal cell carcinoma

23
Q

Skin manifestation of glucagonoma? What is 5 Ds of glucagonoma?

Study These Flashcards
A

necrolytic migratory erythema
= PAINFUL PRURITIC skin rash

  • 5Ds
  • Dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema)
  • Depression
  • Declining weight (lipolysis)
  • DVT
  • Diabetes (hyperglycemia)
24
Q

Person with Graves disease received medications. Later pt develops fever and sore throat. What is going on?

Study These Flashcards
A

agranulocytosis by PTU or methimazole

-> infection

25
How does level of Mg2+ affect PTH secretion? List 3 causes that lower Mg2+
low Mg2+ -> increase PTH really low Mg2+ -> decrease PTH Mg2+ can be lowered by - diuretics (both thiazide and loop diuretics) - chronic alcohol - aminoglycosides
26
Most common cause of death in diabtetes
MI ( diabetes increase risk for CAD due to hyperlipidemia and hyaline arteriolosclerosis)
27
ALP level in hyperparathyroidism?
increased high PTH -> high born degradation -> more need to make bone -> elevated ALP (indication of increased bone synthesis)
28
Name of two dopamine agonists that can be used for prolactinoma
- bromocriptine | - cabergoline
29
Germline mutation in which three genes are associated with pheocytochroma?
- NF1 - RET (MEN2A and MEN2B) - VHL
30
Etiology of Addison - US - developing countries
US: autoimmune Developing countries: TB
31
DKA: plasma level of each - glucose - potassium - WBC
- hyperglycemia: cells can't take it due to absence of insulin - FALSE hyperkalemia : acidosis -> K+ moves to extracellular space via K+/H+ exchanger. This is false hyperkalemia becuase intracellular K+ level is low. Patient still needs to be treated with potassium even with normal to high potassium level - increased WBC: DKA leads to leukocytosis (don't know why)
32
How glucocorticoids lead to hyperglycemia?
it increases insulin resistance
33
Pregnant woman with hypothyroidism give a birth. Baby does not have a layer of epidermis on scalp. What happened? How could she prevent this?
methimzaole is teratogen. it causes aplasia cutis methimazole can be replaced with PTU (PTU is not teratogen)
34
Thyroid hormone- increased HR/contractility cortisol - increased blood pressure Describe the mechanism
thyroid hormone -> increased beta1 adrenergic receptor cortisol -> increased alpha1 adrenergic receptor
35
serum calcium level in secondary hyperparathyroidism?
low low calcium level as a cause for secondary hyperparathyroidism * Don't confuse that high calcium level as a product of secondary hyperparathyroidism. It is "low calcium" that derives increased PTH. As calcium level gets normalized, PTH will also be normalized
36
Which molecule is used for diagnostic accumulant in 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
17-hydroxyprogesterone * part of cortisol pathway
37
Why predinosone is contraindicated to patient with liver failure?
prednisone is prodrug. It is metabolized to active form, prednisolone, in liver
38
POMC is precursor for what three molecules?
ACTH MSH (melanotrophin) beta-endorphin (binds to u opioid receptor)
39
What is oncogene is associated with neuroblastoma?
N-myc Neuroblastoma, N-myc
40
Prolactin directly inhibits what hormone?
GnRH * I thought FSH/LH, but no. It directly inhibits GnRH, resulting in low LH/FSH => decreased libido and secondary amenorrhea with pituitary adenoma (most commonly prolactinoma)
41
histologic finding of type 2 diabetes?
amylin (amyloid) deposition in islet cells
42
What two hormones are secreted from acidophils of anterior pituitary?
Growth hormone and prolactin *GPA= Growth hormone, Prolactin, Acidophil

Endocrinology: 4/3- 4/6 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions