ENDO-hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 1

what is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Answer 1

the master controller

Question 2

what is the hypothalamus made up of?

Answer 2

groups of nuclei

Question 3

how is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary?

Answer 3

infundibulum/pituitary stalk

Question 4

What does the pituitary gland sit inside?

Answer 4

the pituitary gland sits in a fossa-depression of the sphenoid bone of the skull

Question 5

what 2 divisions is the pituitary split into?

Answer 5

• anterior

- posterior

Question 6

what is the role of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 6

makes and secretes hormones

Question 7

what is the role of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 7

secretes hormones only–secretes the hormones that the hypothalamus makes

Question 8

how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 8

hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system

Question 9

how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 9

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Question 10

list the 5 anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 10

• ACTH
• Growth Hormone
• Thyroid stimulating hormone
• Prolactin
• Gonad ones (LH, FSH)

Question 11

list the posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 11

• Vasopressin (ADH)

- Oxytocin

Question 12

what are the stimuli of growth hormone?

Answer 12

• Low glucose
• Low fatty acids
• Low proteins/high amino acids
• Ghrelin (hunger hormone)

Question 13

which hormone is released by the hypothalamus in response to growth hormone stimuli?

Answer 13

Growth hormone releasing hormone

Question 14

which cells and hormones are released by anterior pituitary gland in response to Growth hormone releasing hormone?

Answer 14

Somatotrophs =release growth hormone

Question 15

what are the effects of growth hormone on the body?

Answer 15

• increases protein synthesis
• increases tissue growth
• increases fatty acids
• Increases glucogenesis/glycogenolysis

Question 16

what substance inhibits growth hormone release?

Answer 16

somatostatin

Question 17

what are the stimuli causing ACTH release?

Answer 17

Stress, low glucose

Question 18

which hormone is released by hypothalamus in response to ACTH stimuli?

Answer 18

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 19

what cell is stimulated in anterior pituitary in response to CRH?

Answer 19

cortiocotrophs

Question 20

what hormone is stimulated in anterior pituitary in response to CRH?

Answer 20

adrenocortico-tropic hormone

ACTH

Question 21

what are the effects of ACTH on the body?

Answer 21

• release cortisol (from adrenal gland)
• increase glucogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis
• maintains BP

Question 22

which substance inhibits ACTH release?

Answer 22

cortisol

Question 23

what is the stimulus of TSH release?

Answer 23

low T3/ T4

Question 24

which hormone is released by the hypothalamus in response to low T3/T4?

Answer 24

TRH

thyroid releasing hormone

Question 25

which cells and hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to TRH?

Answer 25

thyrotropin releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 26

what are the effects of TSH on the body?

Answer 26

increase BMR

Question 27

which 2 substances inhibit TSH release?

Answer 27

T3/T4

Question 28

what stimulates LH/FSH release?

Answer 28

oestrogens

Question 29

which is released from the hypothalamus in response to oestrogens?

Answer 29

gonadotropin releasing hormone | GnRH

Question 30

which cell and hormones are released from the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH release?

Answer 30

gonadotrophs release LH/ FSH

Question 31

what are the effects of LH/ FSH on the body?

Answer 31

FSH-germ cell development | LH-ovulation/ testosterone production in Leydig cells

Question 32

which hormones inhibit LH/ FSH production?

Answer 32

Oestrogen & progesterone

Question 33

what are the 2 stimuli of prolactin release?

Answer 33

- low dopamine | - baby sucking on nipple

Question 34

what does the hypothalamus do to stimulate prolactin release?

Answer 34

reduces dopamine release

Question 35

which cell and hormone are released by the anterior pituitary in response to decreased dopamine levels?

Answer 35

-lactotrophs release prolactin

Question 36

what is the effect of prolactin on the body?

Answer 36

act on mammary gland to release milk after childbirth

Question 37

which molecule inhibits prolactin release?

Answer 37

dopamine

Question 38

what is the stimulus of oxytocin release?

Answer 38

uterine stretching during labour

Question 39

what is the effect on the body of oxytocin release?

Answer 39

- uterine contraction-positive feedback loop - milk ejection - bonding after birth

Question 40

which hormones inhibit oxytocin release?

Answer 40

catecholamines-adrenaline/ noradrenaline

Question 41

what stimulates vasopressin (ADH) release?

Answer 41

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect high blood osmolarity (low water levels)

Question 42

what is the effect of ADH on the body?

Answer 42

causes aquaporins to bind to CD of nephron inside kidney-increases water retention

Question 43

what inhibits ADH release?

Answer 43

- alcohol | - low blood osmolarity (high water levels)

Question 44

what type of receptor are all the receptors for pituitary hormones?

Answer 44

GPCR

Question 45

what type of hormones are all pituitary hormones?

Answer 45

peptide

Question 46

``` Which of the following hormone is NOT secreted by the pituitary gland? A. follicle-stimulating hormone b. glucagon c. oxytocin d, leutinizing hormone e. antidiuretic hormone ```

Answer 46

b-glucagon

Question 47

Which of the following statements is false? a-Aldosterone is created in the adrenal cortex b-oxytocin is created in the posterior pituitary gland c-Follicle stimulating hormone is created in the anterior pituitary gland d-Glucagon is created in the pancreas

Answer 47

b-oxytocin is created in the posterior pituitary gland

Question 48

``` Which of the following hormones is controlled by positive feedback mechanism? a-Growth hormone b-Thyroid stimulating hormone c-ACTH d-None of the above ```

Answer 48

d-none

Question 49

``` Where does ADH work for increasing reabsorption? a-DCT b-PCT c-Collecting duct d-Both A & C ```

Answer 49

d