endo repro

Question 1

What are the 6 types of chemical messengers?

Answer 1

Neurotransmitters, Endocrine hormones, Neuroendocrine, Paracrines, Autocrines, Cytokines

Question 2

Which hormone classes are water-soluble?

Answer 2

Peptides and some amines (e.g., epinephrine)

Question 3

How are peptide hormones stored?

Answer 3

In secretory vesicles and released via exocytosis

Question 4

From what are steroid hormones synthesized?

Answer 4

Cholesterol

Question 5

What is the most common feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

Answer 5

Negative feedback

Question 6

Which hormone exhibits positive feedback during ovulation?

Answer 6

Luteinizing hormone (LH) due to estrogen

Question 7

What brain structure regulates circadian rhythm?

Answer 7

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 8

Where are steroid hormone receptors located?

Answer 8

In the cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 9

What second messenger does adenylyl cyclase produce?

Answer 9

cAMP

Question 10

What does IP3 do in the cell?

Answer 10

Releases calcium from intracellular stores

Question 11

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 11

GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL

Question 12

What gland produces T3 and T4?

Answer 12

Thyroid gland

Question 13

What hormone increases blood glucose and is secreted by alpha cells?

Answer 13

Glucagon

Question 14

How are steroid hormones transported in the blood?

Answer 14

Bound to plasma proteins

Question 15

What is ELISA used for?

Answer 15

Measuring hormone levels using enzyme-linked antibodies

Question 16

What hormone triggers ovulation?

Answer 16

LH surge

Question 17

What cells produce testosterone in males?

Answer 17

Leydig cells

Question 18

What placental hormone maintains the corpus luteum?

Answer 18

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 20

Front

Answer 20

Back

Question 21

What is the endocrine system composed of?

Answer 21

Endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells throughout the body.

Question 22

How do endocrine glands release hormones?

Answer 22

They secrete hormones into the bloodstream, not through ducts.

Question 23

What are target tissues?

Answer 23

Tissues with specific receptors for hormones that produce a response.

Question 24

Name some small organs that function as hormone factories.

Answer 24

Thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands.

Question 25

What are water-soluble hormones?

Answer 25

Hormones that dissolve in water and bind to receptors outside the cell membrane.

Question 26

What are examples of water-soluble hormones?

Answer 26

Insulin, adrenaline, glucagon.

Question 27

How are water-soluble hormones transported?

Answer 27

Freely in the bloodstream without binding proteins.

Question 28

Are water-soluble hormones easily broken down?

Answer 28

Yes, they are easily removed by enzymes and broken down.

Question 29

What are lipid-soluble hormones?

Answer 29

Hormones that dissolve in fats and bind inside the cell.

Question 30

Examples of lipid-soluble hormones?

Answer 30

Estrogen, cortisol, thyroid hormone.

Question 31

Why do lipid-soluble hormones need binding proteins?

Answer 31

Because they don’t mix well with water and require transport in blood.

Question 32

Can lipid-soluble hormones pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 32

Yes, they pass through the lipid bilayer easily.

Question 33

What are the 3 main stimuli for hormone release?

Answer 33

Humoral, Neural, and Hormonal stimuli.

Question 34

Describe humoral stimuli.

Answer 34

Chemical changes in the blood trigger hormone release (e.g., low calcium → PTH).

Question 35

Describe neural stimuli.

Answer 35

Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release (e.g., stress → adrenal medulla).

Question 36

Describe hormonal stimuli.

Answer 36

Hormones from one gland stimulate another gland (e.g., HPA axis).

Question 37

What is the pituitary gland also called?

Answer 37

Hypophysis.

Question 38

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 38

At the base of the brain below the hypothalamus.

Question 39

Why is the pituitary called the master gland?

Answer 39

Because it controls several other endocrine glands.

Question 40

What are the two parts of the pituitary?

Answer 40

Anterior (adenohypophysis) and Posterior (neurohypophysis).

Question 41

Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 41

Prolactin, GH, MSH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH.

Question 42

What is the function of prolactin?

Answer 42

Promotes milk production in females.

Question 43

What happens with excess prolactin in males?

Answer 43

Erectile dysfunction.

Question 44

What does growth hormone regulate?

Answer 44

Growth and metabolism; abnormalities cause gigantism or dwarfism.

Question 45

What is the role of MSH?

Answer 45

Stimulates melanocytes to produce pigment.

Question 46

What does TSH do?

Answer 46

Stimulates thyroid to produce T3 and T4.

Question 47

What is ACTH responsible for?

Answer 47

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

Question 48

What does FSH stimulate?

Answer 48

Egg development in females and sperm production in males.

Question 49

What does LH stimulate?

Answer 49

Ovulation in females and testosterone in males.

Question 50

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 50

Oxytocin and ADH.

Question 51

What is oxytocin responsible for?

Answer 51

Uterine contractions and milk ejection.

Question 52

What is the role of ADH?

Answer 52

Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys; low ADH causes dehydration.

Question 53

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 53

Inferior to the larynx with two lobes connected by the isthmus.

Question 54

What are the functions of thyroid hormones?

Answer 54

Regulate metabolism and growth.

Question 55

What hormones does the thyroid produce?

Answer 55

T3, T4, and calcitonin.

Question 56

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 56

Lowers blood calcium levels.

Question 57

What causes goiter?

Answer 57

Excess TSH or thyroid hormone imbalance.

Question 58

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 58

Posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

Question 59

What hormone do they produce?

Answer 59

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 60

What does PTH regulate?

Answer 60

Increases blood calcium levels.

Question 61

What condition can chronic PTH overproduction cause?

Answer 61

Osteoporosis.

Question 62

Where are adrenal glands located?

Answer 62

Above each kidney.

Question 63

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?

Answer 63

Cortex (outer) and Medulla (inner).

Question 64

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 64

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 65

What is the function of epinephrine?

Answer 65

Increases heart rate, BP, and energy during stress.

Question 66

What does norepinephrine do?

Answer 66

Constricts blood vessels, increases alertness.

Question 67

What hormone is produced in Zona Glomerulosa?

Answer 67

Aldosterone - regulates salt and water balance.

Question 68

What hormone is produced in Zona Fasciculata?

Answer 68

Cortisol - stress hormone, increases blood sugar.

Question 69

What hormone is produced in Zona Reticularis?

Answer 69

Androgens - sexual development and libido.

Question 70

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 70

Roof of the 3rd ventricle in the brain.

Question 71

What hormone does it release?

Answer 71

Melatonin - regulates sleep-wake cycle.

Question 72

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 72

Behind the sternum between the lungs.

Question 73

What hormone does the thymus secrete?

Answer 73

Thymosin - promotes T cell maturation.

Question 74

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 74

Behind the stomach, near the small intestine.

Question 75

What type of gland is the pancreas?

Answer 75

Mixed - both endocrine and exocrine.

Question 76

What are the pancreatic endocrine cells?

Answer 76

Alpha (glucagon), Beta (insulin), Delta (somatostatin).

Question 77

What does insulin do?

Answer 77

Lowers blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake by cells.

Question 78

What does glucagon do?

Answer 78

Raises blood sugar by promoting glycogen breakdown.

Question 79

What does somatostatin do?

Answer 79

Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.

Question 80

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 80

A disorder due to insufficient insulin or insulin resistance.

Question 81

What are common symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 81

Hyperglycemia, excessive urination, thirst, fatigue.

Question 82

Difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?

Answer 82

Type I requires insulin injections; Type II may be diet controlled.

Question 83

What are the gonads?

Answer 83

Testes in males and ovaries in females; both reproductive and endocrine.

Question 84

What triggers menstruation?

Answer 84

A drop in progesterone levels.

Question 85

What are major functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 85

Regulates metabolism, growth, water balance, immunity, reproduction, cardiovascular functions.

Question 86

Which hormone regulates metabolism?

Answer 86

T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.

Question 87

Which hormones affect digestion and intake?

Answer 87

Insulin, glucagon, cortisol.

Question 88

Which hormone regulates salt/water balance?

Answer 88

Aldosterone.

Question 89

Which hormones control reproductive function?

Answer 89

LH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone.

Question 90

Which gland modulates immune function?

Answer 90

Thymus via T-cell development.