Endocrine Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is considered both an endocrine AND exocrine gland?
Pancreas
Where is the pancreas located?
Abdomen, behind the stomach (LUQ)
What percent of the pancreas is made up of the Islets of Langerhans?
1 % (Islets of Langerhans, endocrine)
The exocrine (I-acini) makes up 99% of the pancreas.
As an endocrine gland, what is the main function of the pancreas?
To regulate blood sugar levels via Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin
What do exocrine glands do?
- Secrete their products/hormones into ducts (not the bloodstream)
- Excretes chemicals for elimination
Examples of exocrine glands?
- Sweat glands (sudoriferous)
- Salivary glands
- Liver
What do endocrine glands do?
- Secretes/releases hormones into bloodstream
- Hormones are then carried to “target areas” through the bloodstream
- Hormones tell body to start/stop doing something
Examples of endocrine glands?
- Pineal gland
- Pituitary gland
- Ovaries/testes
How does the endocrine system regulate itself?
- Negative feedback loop
Ex: fight or flight response
Stress > stimulates SNS > adrenal medulla sends epi into bloodstream
Stress stops > decreased SNS stimulation > decreased epi into bloodstream
What role do cells play in the endocrine system?
- Act as targets for several hormones
- Contain multiple receptors
Agonist vs Antagonist? (Cells)
Agonists:
- Molecule that binds and triggers a response
- Produces a response afterwards
Antagonists:
- Binds to a cell and blocks that action of agonists
- Widely used as drugs
What is the “master gland”?
- Pituitary gland
- It controls and regulates the secretions of many other endocrine glands
- Located at the base of the brain, behind the nose
What hormones are secreted from the pituitary gland?
- Prolactin
- Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Oxytocin
- Growth Hormone (GH)
Mnemonic: Please Actually Listen To All Females Orgasming Guys
What does the Thyroid gland do?
- Primarily influences metabolic rates in the body
- Secretes Thyroxine (major metabolic hormone that stimulates energy production in cells)
- Butterfly shaped organ found at the front of the neck, below adam’s apple
What does the Parathyroid gland do?
- Assists in the regulation of calcium
- 4 tiny glands located in the neck - these control calcium levels in the body
What does the Parathyroid gland secrete?
Parathyroid Hormone
What does the Parathyroid Hormone do?
- Antagonist to calcitonin
- Secreted when blood levels are LOW
- Causes bone-dissolving cells to break down bone and release calcium
What are the two parts of the Adrenal Glands called?
- Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
- Both produce hormones
Where are the Adrenal Glands located?
Above the kidneys
What hormones are secreted by the Adrenal Glands?
Catecholamines
List all the catecholamines
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Aldosterone
What is the “fight or flight” response?
- Secretion of SMALL amounts of NOREPINEPHRINE, LARGE amounts of EPINEPHRINE
- Norepinephrine raises BP via vasoconstriction, Epinephrine stimulates SNS
- Both increase O2 and glucose in blood. Faster circulation of blood to the brain, heart, and muscles occur as well.
Glucagon (Islets of Langerhan continued)
- Produced by ALPHA cells
- STIMULATES THE LIVER TO CHANGE GLYCOGEN INTO SUGAR
- Raises glucose level when body’s blood glucose level is low
Insulin (Islets of Langerhan continued)
- Produced by BETA cells
- Takes glucose and stores it as GLYCOGEN, fats, and proteins in the liver
- Removes glucose from blood
- Only hormone that decreases blood glucose levels
