endocrine Flashcards
(44 cards)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
a life-threatening problem that affects people with diabetes. a life-threatening problem that affects people with diabetes. acute, lack of insulin with type 1 diabetes. DKA is a life-threatening emergency caused by a relative or absolute insulin deficiency. The condition is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, metabolic acidosis, and dehydration. The most likely contributing factors in this client include stress associated with illness and infection (elevated temperature) and inadequate insulin dosage and self-management.
Thyroidectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck. It produces hormones that control every aspect of your metabolism, from your heart rate to how quickly you burn calories. aiway compromise - neck swelling, hypocalcemia and nerve damage. assess for hypocalcemia - facial or extremity numbness or tingling, stridor, trosseau and chvostek signs. airway equipment at bedside. semi fowler.
Nursing care following thyroidectomy
includes assessing for and immediately reporting signs of hypocalcemia, keeping airway equipment at the bedside in case respiratory distress develops, maintaining the client in semi-Fowler position to promote drainage, and assessing for new or worsening changes in voice strength and quality to monitor for laryngeal damage.
Graves’ disease
an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism).
Thyroid storm
a life-threatening complication of Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism). Assessment findings include a rapid increase in temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure in response to stress. FEVER ALTERED MENTATION, AND EXCESSS AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY.
hypothryoidism clinical manifestations
cardio - bradycardia, gastro - weight gain and constipation. musculoskeletal - fatigue, muscle aches, and joint pains. nervous - lethargy, apathy, forgetfulness, depression. reproductive - infertility, decreased libido, integumentary - cold intolerance, dry and thick skin, brittle skin and hair, hair loss, hematology - anemia (pallor)
ketosis
a process that happens when your body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy
acidosis
a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids.
diuresis
increased or excessive production of urine
hyperkalemia
a potassium level in your blood that’s higher than normal
diaphoretic
sweating heavily
normal triglyceride levels
Normal — Less than 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or less than 1.7 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) Borderline high — 150 to 199 mg/dL (1.8 to 2.2 mmol/L) High — 200 to 499 mg/dL (2.3 to 5.6 mmol/L) Very high — 500 mg/dL or above (5.7 mmol/L or above)
HDL cholesterol
HDL cholesterol levels greater than 60 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) are high. That’s good.
HDL cholesterol levels less than 40 mg/dL are low. That’s not so good.In general, people with high HDL are at lower risk for heart disease. People with low HDL are at higher risk.
blood glucose levels
A fasting blood sugar level of 99 mg/dL or lower is normal, 100 to 125 mg/dL indicates you have prediabetes, and 126 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes.
Metabolic syndrome
Abdominal obesity: Waist circumference ≥40 in (102 cm) in men, ≥35 in (89 cm) in women
High serum triglycerides: >150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or hypertriglyceridemia drug treatment
Low HDL cholesterol: <40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) in men, <50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol) in women or hyperlipidemia drug treatment
High blood pressure: ≥130/85 mm Hg or hypertension drug treatment
Increased fasting blood glucose: ≥100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or hyperglycemia drug treatment
potassium level
Normal levels of potassium for an adult range from 3.5 to 5.2 mEq/L
sodium level
A normal blood sodium level is between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
is an endocrine disorder characterized by the absence of insulin production in the pancreas, causing hyperglycemia and intracellular energy deficits. Clients with type 1 diabetes mellitus require consistent insulin administration, typically of both short- or rapid-acting and intermediate- or long-acting insulins, to prevent hyperglycemia and provide energy to the cells.
addison disease aka adrenal insufficiency
occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens). Symptoms include weight loss, muscle weakness, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, and hyperpigmented skin (skin folds, buccal area, palmar crease). Hyperpigmented skin is a characteristic universal finding; this results from increased adrenocorticotropic hormone which is due to a decrease in cortisol negative feedback. Treatment consists of replacement therapy with oral mineralocorticoids and corticosteroids. Addison’s disease (chronic adrenal insufficiency) leads to hyperpigmented skin, low blood pressure, weight loss, and muscle weakness.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
is a condition that results in increased ADH. Too much ADH causes increased total body water, resulting in a low serum osmolality and low serum sodium. As ADH is secreted and water is retained, urine output is decreased and concentrated, resulting in a high specific gravity.
Addisonian crisis
a potentially life-threatening complication of Addison’s disease and commonly presents with abdominal pain, hypotension, and hypoglycemia saline and 5% dextrose, and administration of high-do. Emergency management includes shock management with fluid resuscitation using 0.9% normalse hydrocortisone replacement IV push. Signs and symptoms include hypotension, tachycardia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, fever, weakness, and confusion; these should be reported to the PHCP immediately.
common causes of SIADH
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISRUPTION ( STROKE, INFECTION, TRAUMA, NEUROSURGERY ), MALIGNANCIES ( SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER) DRUGS - DESMOPRESSIN, CARBAMAZEPINE ), PULMONARY DISORDERS ( PNEUMONIA ).
hyperthyroidism
refers to sustained hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland due to excessive secretion thyroid hormones (T3, T4); this leads to an increased metabolic rate.
hyperthyroidism teaching
Adherence to a high calorie diet (4000-5000 calories per day).
Consumption of approximately 6 full meals and snacks per day. These should be packed with protein(1-2 g/kg of ideal body weight), carbohydrates, and be full of vitamins and minerals (Option 1).
Avoidance of high-fiber foods due to the constant hyperstimulation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. High-fiber foods may increase GI symptoms (eg, diarrhea) (Option 2). However, high-fiber diets are recommended if the client with hyperthyroidism has constipation.
Avoidance of stimulating substances (eg, caffeinated drinks: coffee, tea, soft drinks).
Avoidance of spicy foods as these can also increase GI stimulation.
