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ENDOCRINE Flashcards

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1
Q

2 major regulatory/ control systems

A

endocrine
nervous system

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2
Q

endocrine system
(messenger, speed, purpose)

A

Slow acting
Long term slow response
Hormone messengers

Regulates activities of longer duration than speed
(growth, development, reproduction)

Maintains homeostasis
Long term slow response

Hormonal signaling (reach all body cells by affects target cells)

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2
Q

endocrine system
(messenger, speed, purpose)

A

Slow acting
Long term slow response
Hormone messengers

Regulates activities of longer duration than speed
(growth, development, reproduction)

Maintains homeostasis
Long term slow response

Hormonal signaling (reach all body cells by affects target cells)

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3
Q

nervouvs syste, (messenger, speed, function)

A

Fast acting
Short term quick response
Neurotransmitters

Regulates activity of muscles and glands

Quick responses

Local signaling
(paracrine – nearby, synaptic

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4
Q

hormones definition

A

substances released by endocrine glands, transported throughout bloodstream to target tissues where they act to regulate specific functions

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5
Q

hormones activity

A

1) Exerts effect in low conc
2) Bind to target cell receptors to initiate biochemical reaction
3) Each hormone act on specific receptor on target tissue
□ SELECTIVITY: hormone-specific receptors in (target cell’s cell mem. Cytoplasm/ nucleus)

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6
Q

classification of hormones

A

1) endocrine gland (ductless vs exocrine)
2) chemical nature (peptide, steroids,amines)

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7
Q

endocrine definition

A

ductless, produce hormones into surrounding tissue fluid

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8
Q

central endocrine glands

A

pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary

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9
Q

peripheral endocrine gland

A

thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testis

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10
Q

secondary endocrine glands definition and eg

A

hormones secreted by organs which also have other major functions

kidney, heart, stomach, SI, skeleton, skin, adipose tissue, placenta

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11
Q

exocrine glands

A

nonhormonal substance, ducts that carry substances to mem surface

eg: Sweat, saliva glands

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12
Q

hypothalamus hormones

A

Releasing & inhibiting hormones
TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, PRH

GHIH, PIH

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13
Q

pituitary anterior lobe hormones

A

Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
growth hormone (GH)
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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14
Q

posterior lobe pituitary hormones

A

ADH/ vasopressin
Oxytocin

(produced by hypo, secreted by pituitary)

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15
Q

Thyroid gland hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4)
3,5,3’ - triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin

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16
Q

parathyroid gland hormones

A

PTH -parathyroid hormone

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17
Q

adrenal gland hormones

A

CORTEX = Cortisol, aldosterone, androgens (puberty)

MEDULLA = Epinephrine, norepinephrine

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18
Q

gonads - testis hormones

A

Testosterone
estradiol
inhibin
Mullerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH)

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19
Q

gonads - overy hormones

A

Estradiol
progesterone
inhibin

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20
Q

placenta hormones

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Progesterone
estrogen

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21
Q

pancreas hormones

A

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

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22
Q

pineal hormone

A

Melatonin (regulates body clock)

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23
Q

hormone disrupters effect
- mimic hormone action

A

F: incr breast tumours

M: fall sperm count, cryptorchidism (testes undescended)

Animal: gender bending (hermaphrodites both F, M)

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24
hydrophilic hormones activity
Hydrophilic hormones: dissolved & transported free in blood binds to cell surface proteins Cell mem receptor/ plasma protein: 50% catecholamines, protein hormones
25
hydrophilic hormones 2 types
proteins/ peptide hormone amines
26
lipophilic hormones group
steroids
27
hydrophobic hormone activity
Hydrophobic hormones: bound to plasma proteins (binds to intracellular proteins) Cross plasma mem, act on receptors inside cell Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones (hydrophobic
28
protein/ peptide hormone eg
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ADH/ vasopressim. oxytocin Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibin Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Insulin, glucagon,
29
steroid hormone eg
(adrenal cortex) Cortisol, aldosterone (gonads) Testosterone, Estradiol, progesterone (kidney) Calcitriol (vit D)
30
amines hormone eg
Thyroxine (T4) 3,5,3' - triiodothyronine (T3) Melatonin (adrenal medulla) Catecholamines (Epinephrine, norepinephrine )
31
mechanism after hormone binds to receptor
1) signal amplification (2nd messenger, PK cascade) 2) hormone activate genes, alter proteins synthesised 3) alter channel permeability (insulin GLUT4)
32
hormone imablance caused by
result in excess or deficiency target-cell responsiveness
33
hormones test Blood (plasma) Urine (hormone excreted via kidney) Saliva Other biologic sample (tissue - hormone internalized by target cells)
1) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) 2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - Pregnancy test kits (for hCG hormone -- sandwiched between 2 AB)
34
negative feedback
inhibit initial stimulus, restore body to balanced state
35
thyroid gland location
neck, anterior surface of trachea, below larynx
36
thyroid gland structure
○ 2 lobes connected by isthmus ○ Extensive blood supply: hormone released directly into bloodstream (Deep red colour)
37
thyroid gland cell types
1) Follicle cells □ Synthesis thyroglobulin (globular proteins) □ Secreted into colloid of thyroid follicles 2) Thyroid follicles □ Functional unit for Thyroid hormone production 3) Colloid □ Extracellular space where thyroglobulin with attached iodine atoms are stored (T3, T4) 4) C cells/ parafollicular □ (in between follicles) □ Secrete calcitonin (regulate Ca levels in blood)
38
thyroid hormone synthesis requires which 2 basic ingredients
1) Tyrosine -- an aa synthesised in suff amts by body 2) Iodine -- from dietary intake □ To be reduced to I- (iodide) before absorption by SI occurs on Thyroglobulin -- produced by thyroid follicular cells
39
thyroid production step 1 (TG secretion, exocytosis)
TG produced by ER/ GA of thyroid follicular cells Tyrosine + TG molecules = Tyrosine-containing TG: backbone Exported in vesicles from follicular cells into colloid by exocytosis
40
thyroid hormone synthesis step 2 - iodide trapping (iodine oxidation)
Thyroid gland capture I- from blood, transfer to colloid (iodide pump Na+ K+ pump) Follicular cell --> colloid (iodide pump) transport Na into follicular cell down conc gradient Transport I- into cell against con gradient I- oxidised ------> active iodide (mem bound enzyme: Thyroperoxidase TPO) Active iodide exists through channel into colloid
41
step 3 (iodination)
In colloid, TPO attach iodide to tyrosine (of TG mole) 1 I = MIT (mono-iodotyrosine) 2 I = DIT (di-iodotyrosine))
42
step 4 (coupling, conjugation)
MIT + DIT = T3 (1+2) DIT + DIT = T4 (2+2) Attached to TG by peptide bonds within colloids
43
step 5 (colloid resorption, endocytosis)
Stimulus for thyroid hormone follicular cells internalise portion of Tg-hormone complex (phagocytosis piece of colloid)
44
step 6 (Thyroglobin proteolysis, break from TG backbone)
Lysosome attack engulfed vesicle, split iodinated products from TG T3, T4 diffuse freely follicular cells --> blood/ plasma protein/ transport// storage -- bound to TG store in follicular lumen Iodinase enzyme: remove iodide from MIT/ DIT (NOT T3, T4) Freed I- recycled for synthesis of more hormones
45
thyroid hormone metabolism, excretion
- high conc plasma (90% released from thyroid) - 80% of T3 <---- T4 - metabolic inactivation (T4>3): conjugation w/ glucuronic acid in liver. -conjugate secreted into bile, faeces (Elim) - small amt in urine
46
thyroid hormone negative feedback controlled by
HPT (hypothalamus, piuitary, thyroid axis) axis hypo hormones (TRH) ant pitui hormone (TSH/ thyrotrropin) thyroid hormone (T3,4)
47
thyroid hormone (stimulating pathway)
1) TH low, stimulate pitui and hypotha 2) TSH from anterior pituitary gland 3) stimulate (2nd messenger, incr cAMP, PKA, PLC = Ca2+ release) 4) incr synthesis and secretion of TH (iodine trapping, iodination, coupling, colloid resorption, TG proteolysis)
48
T3, T4 physiologic effects
1) basal metabolic rate 2) sympathomimetic effect 3) CVS effect 4) bone growth, maturation 5) nervous system development 6) incr metabolism of proteins, lipis, carbs
49
BMR levels
euthyroid, normal = 150ml/min hyperthyroid = 400ml/min
50
why incr BMR
□ Incr size, number of mitochondria □ Incr enzymes that regulate oxidative phosphorylation □ Incr oxygen consumption, energy use at rest condition -Incr metabolic activity, more heat prodn (calorigenic effect)
51
Sympathomimetic effect
-Mimics activation of SNS -TH increase proliferation of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) target cell receptors □ Incr target-cell responsiveness to catecholamines Ventilate, sweat,
52
Cardiovascular effect
- Incr heart responsiveness to catecholamines (E, NE by adrenal medulla) - Increase HR, force of contraction - Incr CO Meets demand of O2 consumption
53
Normal bone growth and maturation
-TH stimulates GF secretion, incr IGF-1 production by liver Promote effect of GH, IGF-1 on synthesis of new structural proteins + skeletal growth
54
Role in normal development of nervous system (brain)
§ Esp in brain during childhood □ Hypothyroid: growth stunted in children § For normal CNS activity in adults □ Hyperthyroid: hyperactive, unable to process info
55
Increase metabolism of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
Synthesis but degradation (metabolism) - mobilisation of endogenous proteins, carb, fat Hyperthyroid: prevents weight gain due to high metabolism
56
hypothyroid causes
1) Primary failure of thyroid gland itself 2) 2nd to deficiency of TRH, TSH, both 3) Inadequate dietary supply of iodine
57
hypothyroid symptoms LOW METABOLIC ACTIVITY
Cold Hair loss, brittle nails, dry skin Constipation Muscle ache, weak Slow speech Menstrual disturbances Dull-blank expression Extreme fatigue Weight gain Cardiac complications - bradycardia
58
hyperthyroidism causes
1) autoimmune Graves disease (prodn TSI - stimulating immunoglobulins) 2) 2nd to excess of TRH, TSH, both 3) Hypersecreting thyroid tumour
59
diffuse goiter
- enlarged thyroid - from incr production of TSH (by pituitary gland --> which acts on thyroid gland)
60
hyperthyroidism symptoms
Tremor HR incr, BP Yawn, fatigue Restless Amenorrhea Heat Diarrhea Irritability Sweat Muscle waste, weight loss Amenorrhea (no period) exophthalmos
61
BULGING EYES (Exophthalmos) cause
- fluid retention behind eyeballs, bulge forward. Cytokines promote inflamm, oedema
62
hyperthyroid treatment
1. Anti-thyroid drugs a. Interfere with TH synthesis b. Block uptake of I- (step2) c. Drug inhibit TPO (iodination 2) 2. Prevent iodine coupling to thyroglobulin (MIT) (step 3) 3. Surgical removal of portion of over-secreting thyroid gland a. Risk hypothyroidism b. Thyroid replacement surgery 4. Administer radioactive iodine a. Destroy thyroid cells b. Reduce amt of thyroxine (T4) c. Reduce size of gland
63
treat hypothyroidism
1. Thyroid replacement therapy 2. Iodine diet
64
pancreas exocrine
Acinar and duct cells NaHCO3- solution, digestive enzymes
65
pancreas endocrine □ Hormones into bloodstream
□ β Cell --> insulin, amylin □ α Cell --> glucagon □ D Cell --> somatostatin High capillary network!
66
insulin glucose control pathway
1) Glucose enter by passive facilitated diffusion (GLUT2) 2) Convert to glucose-6-phosphate (GLYCOLYSIS) 3) Krebs cycle (mitochondria) 4) ATP act on ATP-sensitive K+ channel, closing it 5) K+ in cell, depolarization 6) Acts on voltage gated Ca2+ channel 7) Excitation-secretion coupling 8) Release Ca2+ 9) Stimulate insulin vesicles to be secreted out of β Cell 10) Reduce BGL to normal 4-6nM
67
GLUT uses
• GLUT 4: muscle, adipose tissue • GLUT2: kidney, liver, pancreatic b cell • GLUT3: neurons
68
insulin functions
Increase uptake of glucose, translocate GLUT 4 Glycogenesis (glucose --> glycogen store liver, muscles) lipogenesis (FFA--> TG in adipose tissue) Proteogenesis (aa --> proteins in muscle)
69
glucagon MOA
1) Stimulate α Cell 2) Mobilise energy-rich molecules from stores 3) Incr BGL
70
glucagon functions
• Glycogenolysis • Glycogen --> glucose • Lipolysis • TGL --> FFA --> glycerol + ketones • Proteolysis • Protein --> aa • Gluconeogenesis • Aa --> glucose • Glycerol --> glucose
71
type 1 DM cause Insulin-dependent diabetes Childhood-onset/ juvenile 5-10%
Autoimmune process (β Cell no longer makes insulin) • Genetics • Environmental factors
72
type II causes Non-insulin dependent Adult-onset 90-95%
Insulin resistance • Makes insulin, but not used well • Lifestyle (obesity) • Genetics (obesity) • Environmental factors
73
ACUTE consequences of DM
1) polyuria, polydipsia (thirst) --> renal failure 2) polyphagia (appetite) 3) ketosis (rapid breathing) --> metabolic acidosis --> diabetic coma 4) weight loss (muscle waste, worsen hypergly) 5) DEATH
74
CHRONIC conseq of DM
§ Degenerative blood vessels □ Microvascular: retinopathy, nerve damage, kidney failure □ Macrovascular: stroke, heart attack, reduce blood circ

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