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Anatomy sem 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

stress response step 1

A

Alarm phase- energy reserves mobilized (glucose)
epinephrine, increased alertness, circulation change

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2
Q

Resistance phase

A

occurs after more than a few hours, cortisol is administered, conservation of glucose, conservation of salt and H2O

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3
Q

Exhaustion phase

A

weeks to months, mineral imbalances cause infections, organ failure, cardiovascular damage, loss of lipid reserves

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4
Q

Hirsutism

A

excessive hair growth

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5
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

surgical removal of pituitary

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6
Q

prolactinoma

A

pituitary tumor, hypersecretion of prolactin disturbances in women

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7
Q

psychosocial dwarfism

A

dwarfism, failure to thrive, stress and emotional disorders that support growth hormone are failing

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8
Q

Thyroid storm

A

a sudden increase in symptoms of hyperthyroidism

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9
Q

endocrine cascade

A

stress goes to the hypothalamus, which then administers CRH, and goes to the anterior Pituitary which produces ACTH, ACTH goes to the adrenal gland and produces cortisol

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10
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Adrenal, Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, pineal, thymus glands, pancreas, gonads

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11
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluids that regulate metabolic function

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12
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Variety of amine and peptide hormones released to regulate digestive functions

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13
Q

neurohormone

A

released by nervous system structure in response to nerve stimulation

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14
Q

pheromone

A

chemical released by exterior of organism to receiving individual of same species

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15
Q

receptors

A

inside or on surface of cell, bind to substance and cause effect, protein

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16
Q

what do receptors do

A

receptors allow binding of hormones and help differentiate into target receptors

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17
Q

Hormones vs. neurotransmitters

A

Hormones produced in endocrine and secreted in blood, neurotransmitters in synapse

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18
Q

intracellular receptors vs. membrane bound receptors

A

intracellular in cytoplasm, membrane convert

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19
Q

Protein vs. steroid hormones

A

Protein react with receptors on surface of cell, steroid act with receptor sites inside a cell

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20
Q

up regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to increasingly higher levels of specific hormones

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21
Q

down regulation

A

loss of receptors prevent overreacting to high hormone levels

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22
Q

hormone action

A
  1. Change in plasma membrane permeability
  2. synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules
  3. enzyme activation/deactivation
  4. induction of secretory activity
  5. stimulation of mitosis
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23
Q

exocrine gland

A

have ducts, non-hormonal products go to membrane (saliva, sweat)

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24
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ductless glands, hormones into blood and lymph

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25
steroid hormone action
diffuse into target cells and attach to DNA to transcript 1. lipid derivatives, synthesized from cholesterol ( androgen, estrogen, progestrins)
26
protein hormone action
Amino acid-based molecules- melatonin, thyroxin, catecholamines, peptides
27
Diabetes insipidus
results in secretion of large amounts of urine, head trauma
28
Diabetes mellitus
hyposecretion of insulin, lots of urine, hunger and food consumption--> type 1/2
29
glucocorticoid
influence metabolism, stimulated by ACTH, cortisol to maintain blood sugar and volume
30
blood nutrient
vitamins, minerals and antioxidants
31
mineralcorticoid
aldosterone, involved with maintaining salt balance
32
insulin
33
glucagon
secreted by A cells to liver, promote glycogen to glucose, stimulated =low glucose
34
growth hormone
targets body cells, primarily bone and muscle, increase size, stimuli= GHRH, GHIH
35
cortisol
influence metabolism, part of stress response
36
T3/T4
triiodothyronine- formed at target tissues, 3 iodine, increase temp, metabolism, development, everything
37
calcitonin
maintain Calcium in b lood, thyroid
38
oxytocin
positive feedback, hypothalamus then in blood from pituitary
39
ADH
antidiuretic hormone- targets kidney to resorb water in blood, less pee
40
prolactin
targets breast secretory tissue to promote lactation- stimuli= PRH, PIH
41
TH
made by thyroid after TSH stimuli
42
TSH
stimulates development and secretory activity of thyroid
43
melatonin
control day.night cycles, body temp, sleep, appetite
44
LH
luteinizing hormone- targets gonads to promote hormones
45
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone- targets gonads to stimulate gamete production
46
epinephrine
reinforce and prolong fight/flight response, target nervous system to increase heart and metabolic
47
estrogen
maturation of organs, promote breast development, and cyclical changes
48
testosterone
initiates maturation of organs, promotes sperm and reproductive organs
49
aldosterone
helps to maintain salt levels in body
50
master gland-- pituitary
in brain, controls function of most endocrine glands
51
hypothalamus purpose and type
produces hormones, TSH, ACTH, LH, PRL, oxytocin, ADH
52
homeostasis
53
Steroid hormones produce their effects by
interacting with DNA
54
which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine
endocrine glands secrete their products directly into blood, exocrine glands secrete through ducts
55
insulin caused
decrease in concentration of glucose
56
specific site for glucagon production
alpha cells in pancreas
57
epinephrine ; adrenal aldosterone; pituitary cortisol; adrenal ACTH; pituitary growth hormone; thyroid growth hormone releasing hormone; hypothalamus
4
58
- growth hormone is secreted by pancreas -growth hormone can be found in blood -growth hormone is secreted throughout life -growth hormone promotes protein synthesis in its target issues
3
59
homeostasis mechanism
stimulus sensor integrator effector response
60
stimulus, sensor, integrator, effector and target of low glucose
blood glucose concentration, receptors in pancreas, pancreas elevate alpha cells, glucagon effects, target is liver cells
61
islets of Langerhans
islands of endocrine cells throughout pancreas
62
how are islets related to type 2 diabetes?
beta cells are destroyed and are therefore not functional to help lower glucose

Anatomy sem 2 (1 decks)

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