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endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the endocrine system

A

Regulates metabolic activity of target organs and tissues, using chemical substances called hormones.

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system consisted of?

A
  1. Endocrine glands: the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the
    parathyroid glands and the suprarenal glands.
  2. Clusters of cells within certain organs (e.g. Islets of Langerhans)
  3. Endocrine cells (isolated in the epithelium of digestive and
    respiratory systems)
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3
Q

General characteristics of endocrine glands

A

– Absence of excretory ducts
– Highly vascularized
– Cell arranged in cords

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4
Q

What is Endocrine secretion?

A

Hormone released into blood or lymph vessels, then transported to another part of body, where it acts on target tissues or organs.

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5
Q

What is Paracrina secretion?

A

Hormone released into immediate vicinity. Neuroendocrine system consist of cells scattered throughout digestive and respiratory systems.

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6
Q

What type od hormones does the endocrine system release?

A
  1. Peptides
  2. Sterioids- cholesterol derived
  3. Aminoacids and arachudonic acid
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7
Q

Groups of hormone receptors:

A
  1. Cell surface receptors
  2. Intracelullar receptors
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8
Q

What are cell-surface receptors?

A

Interact with peptide hormones. Generate second messengers.

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9
Q

What are intracellular receptors?

A

Interact with steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and vit A + D.

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10
Q

Which are the feedback mechamisms?

A

Negative and positive feedbacks.

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11
Q

How does hypophysis divide?

A

Adenohypophisis and Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa)

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12
Q

Pars of adenohypophysis:

A

Distalis, tuberalis, intermedia

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13
Q

Pars of neurohypophysis:

A

Pars nervosa and infundibulum

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14
Q

Master organ

A

Pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

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15
Q

What does the superior hypophyseal artery supply?

A

Capillary network and secondary capillary network in pars distalis

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16
Q

What does the infeerior hypophyseal artery supply?

A

Pars nervosa

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17
Q

Name 2 chromophils:

A

Acidophils and basophils

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18
Q

Most abuntant cell type in pituitary gland:

A

Acidophils

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19
Q

Acidophil types:

A
  1. Somatotropes
  2. Lactotrops
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20
Q

What does somatotrope secrete?

A

Somatotropin
- Regulated by GHRH
- Inhibited by somatostatin

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21
Q

What does lactotrope secrete?

A

Prolactin
- Regulated by TRH
- Inhibited by dopamin

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22
Q

Basophil types:

A
  1. Thyrotrope
  2. Gonadotrope
  3. Corticotrope
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23
Q

What does Thyrotrope secrete?

A

TSH, thyrotropin, inhibited by negative feedback

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24
Q

What does gonadotrope secrete?

A

FSH and LH
- Regulated by GnRH and negative feedback

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25
What does corticotrope release?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) produced by hypothalamus
26
What is the best way to identify chromophil?
Immunocytochemistry with specific antibodies against the products (hormones)
27
What are Herring bodies?
Contain neurosecretory granules. The granules are released and enter fenestrated capillaries.
28
What does pars nervosa secrete?
* Vasopressin = Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) * Oxytocin
29
What triggers vasopressin secretion?
Changes in plasma osmolality, detected by the carotid bodies and cell bodies of hypothalamic secretory neurons(osmoreceptors).
30
What can cause Diabetes insipidus?
ADH secretion
31
Function of oxytocin:
Promotes contraction of uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells of mammary gland.
32
Epiphysis cerebri / Pineal gland function:
It obtains information about light and dark cycles from the retina via the retinohypothalamic trac
33
Pinealocytes Hormone is:
Melatonin
34
What is corpora arenacae (brain sand)?
Derived from precipitation of calcium phosphates and carbonates
35
Histological organization of thyroid gland:
– Capsule of loose CT. Extensive blood and lymphatic supply. – Spherical structures lined by epithelia forming follicles containing central colloid.
36
Where is thyroglobulin found?
Extracellular in colloid
37
Two epithelial cell types in thyroid follicles:
1. Thyroid follicular (principal) cells 2. Parafollicular or C cells
38
What does Thyroid follicular (principal) cells secrete?
Thyroid hormones T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)
39
What does Parafollicular / C cells secrete?
Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) that lowers blood calcium inhibiting bone resorption.
40
How do Follicular epithelial cells actively transport iodide from the blood into their cytoplasm?
Using ATP-dependent iodide transporters
41
Where is Thyroglobulin post translationally glycosylated?
In the rER and Golgi - vesicles - secreted by exocytosis into follicle lumen
42
Where does Iodination of thyroglobulin occurr?
Microvillus surface of follicular cell catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase (TPO)
43
How does Formation of T3 and T4 occur?
Oxidative coupling reactions - Regulated by negative feedback
44
How does resorption of colloid by endocytosis occur?
Upon stimulation by TSH
45
Play an essential role in normal fetal development:
Thyroid hormones
46
What causes Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Presence of abnormal autoimmunoglobulins directed against thyroglobulin (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb), and the TSH receptor (TSHAb). Results in thyroid cell apoptosis and follicular destruction.
47
What causes Graves’ disease?
Immunoglobulins bind to the thyrotropin receptors mimicking thyrotropin stimulation.
48
Parathyroid glands cell types:
1. Chief cells 2. Oxyphil cells
49
What do chief cells secrete?
PTH parathyroid hormone
50
What do oxyphil cells appear like?
large cell, acidophilic mitochondria in cytoplasm
51
What does Hyperparathyroidism cause?
Excessive high calcium in blood. Bone disease called Osteitis fibrosa cystic!
52
What does Hypoparathyroidism cause?
Low calcium. Convulsions called Tetany
53
What are the adrenal glands divided into?
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
54
Site of corticosteroid synthesis:
Adrenal cortex
55
Adrenal cortex regions:
1. Zona glomerulosa 2. Fasciculata 3. Reticularis
56
Site of mineralocorticoids synthesis (Aldosterone):
Zona glomerulosa
57
Site of glucocorticoids synthesis (Cortisol):
Zona fasciculata
58
Site of weak androgen synthesis: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Zona reticularis
59
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing syndrome) symptoms:
Pituitary tumor, excessive ACTH, cortisol - obesity, impotence, amenorrhea
60
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison disease) symptoms:
Destruction of adrenal cortex by infection. Symptoms: low blood pressure, weight loss, general weakness: may lead to death if no hormone therapy is given.
61
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison disease)
62
Adrenal medulla secretory function of:
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
63
What is Epinephrine for?
Small vesicles: Fight or Flight preparation
64
What is Norepinephrine for?
Dense vesicles: Elevation of blood pressure by vasoconstriction
65
Blood supplu to adrenal medulla can be:;
DUAL: Indirect: sinusoids Direct: medullary arteries
66
One disorder of the adrenal medulla is:
Pheochromocytoma, a tumor that causes hyperglycemia and transient elevations of blood pressure.
67
Alpha cells (A) secrete:
Glucagon : which increases blood sugar levels
67
Alpha cells (A) secrete:
Glucagon : which increases blood sugar levels
68
Beta (B) cells secrete:
Insulin: which lowers blood sugar
69
Delta cells (D) secrete:
Somatostatin : Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon in a paracrine action
70
F cell secretes:
Pancreatic polypeptide : - Stimulates gastric chief cells. - Inhibits bile secretion and intestinal motility
71
Absence or inadequate amounts of insulin lead to elevated blood glucose levels and the presence of glucose in the urine, a condition known as
Diabetes mellitus

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