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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothyroid disease

A

Happens when thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone

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2
Q

Hypothyroid S+S

A

Depends on severity
Fatigue
Constipation
Dry skin, inc sensitivity to cold
Menstrual cycle is heavier/ more irregular
Muscle weakness
Bradycardia

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3
Q

Hypothyroidism in infants

A

Feeding problems
Poor growth
Poor weight gain
Jaundice
Constipation
Poor muscle tone
Hoarse crying
Soft swelling or bulge near belly button- umbilical hernia

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4
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism

A

Thyroiditis- inflame of thyroid gland, lowers hormone production

Hashimoto’s disease- painless disease, autoimmune condition where body cells attack thyroid, inherited

Postpartum thyroiditis- 5-9%, usually temporary

Iodine deficiency- iodine used to produce hormones in thyroid, common around world

Non-functioning thyroid gland- congenital, screening blood tests

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5
Q

Hyperthyroidism in children and teens

A

Similar in adults
Poor growth that leads to short stature
Delayed development of permanent teeth
Delayed puberty
Poor mental development

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6
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Too much thyroid hormone produced by thyroid gland

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7
Q

Hyperthyroidism S+S

A

Sometimes looks like other health problems
Losing weight unintentionally
Tachycardia
Arrhythmia
Heart palpitations
Tremor- usually small trembling in hands/fingers
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Thinning hair
Enlarged thyroid gland

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8
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease- entire thyroid gland may be overactive and produce too much

Nodules- overreactive in thyroid gland, single= toxic autonomously functioning thyroid nodule, several= toxic multi-nodular goiter

Excessive iodine- too much= inc hormone production

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9
Q

Cushing’s disease

A
  • Cushing syndrome occurs when your body has too much of the hormone cortisol over time
  • This can result from taking oral corticosteroid medication, or your body might produce too much cortisol
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10
Q

Cushing’s cause

A
  • Cushing syndrome is caused by there being too much of the hormone cortisol in the body
  • Cortisol is produced in the adrenal glands and plays a variety of roles in the body, which is why Cushing syndrome has such a wide range of symptoms
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11
Q

Cushings population

A
  • Females, aged 20-50
  • People who take steroid medication
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12
Q

Cushing’s risks

A
  • Sex
    o Females
  • Younger adults
    o 20 – 50
  • Taking oral steroids for long periods of time
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13
Q

Cushing’s S+S

A
  • Symptoms vary depending on the levels of excess cortisol
  • Common signs
    o Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face) and between the shoulders (buffalo hump)
    o Pink or purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts and arms
    o Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily
    o Slow healing cuts, insect bites and infections
    o Acne
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14
Q

Cushing’s female S+S

A

o Thicker or more visible body and facial hair (hirsutism)
o Irregular or absent menstrual periods

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15
Q

Cushing’s male S+Sq

A

o Decreased sex drive
o Decreased fertility
o Erectile dysfunction

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16
Q

Cushing’s prognosis

A
  • Can be cured in most cases, although it may take some time for symptoms to ease
  • If left untreated it can be fatal
  • Treatment involves
    o Reducing corticosteroid use
    o Surgery
     If its caused by a tumour
    o Radiation therapy
    o Medication
    o Lifestyle changes
     Increase activities slowly
     Eat sensibly
     Monitor mental health
     Soothe aches and pains with hot baths, massages and low-impact exercises
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17
Q

Addisons disease

A
  • An uncommon illness that occurs when the body doesn’t make enough of certain hormones
    Cortisol, aldosterone
  • Also called adrenal insufficiency
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18
Q

Addisons cause

A
  • Caused by damage to the adrenal glands
  • Damage to the adrenal glands results in too little of the hormone cortisol, and often, the hormone aldosterone
19
Q

Addisons population

A
  • Women aged between 30 and 50
20
Q

Addisons risks

A
  • Sex
    o Female
  • Age
    o Can affect anyone
    o Most common between 30 and 50
  • Some autoimmune diseases
    o Type 1 diabetes
    o Hypoparathyroidism
  • Certain genetic defects
21
Q

Addisons S+S

A
  • Symptoms usually happen slowly, often over months
  • The disease can move slowly with people ignoring the symptoms, then a stress, such as an illness or injury makes symptoms worse
  • Extreme fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Loss of appetite
  • Areas of darkened skin
  • Low blood pressure, even fainting
  • Salt craving
  • Hypoglycaemia
    o Low blood sugar
  • Nausea, diarrhoea or vomiting
  • Abdominal px
  • Muscle and joint px
  • Irritability
  • Depression
  • Body hair loss
  • Sexual issues
22
Q

Addisons prognosis

A
  • Most people with the condition have a normal life span and are able to live an active life with few limitations
  • However, many people do experience bouts of fatigue
  • People with Addison’s disease are also more at risk of having associated health problems
    o Diabetes
    o Hypothyroidism
  • Treated by replacing the missing hormones with synthetic versions of them
  • Prognosis is generally good
  • People with Addison’s disease will have to take medicine for the rest of their lives but they can live happy, healthy lives while on this medication
23
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A
  • Lupus is a disease that occurs when your body’s immune system attacks your own tissues and organs
  • It’s an autoimmune disease
24
Q

Lupus cause

A

auto immune disease
- Occurs when the immune system attacks healthy tissue in the body
- Likely that lupus results from a combination of your genetics and your environment
- It appears that people with an inherited predisposition for lupus may develop the diseasw when they come into contact with something in the environment that can trigger lupus

25
Lupus triggers
o Sunlight o Infections o Medications  Certain types of blood pressure medications  Antiseizure medications  Antibiotics  People with drug induced lupus usually get better when they stop taking the medication
26
Lupus population
- Females aged 15 to 45 from minority ethnic backgrounds
27
Lupus risk
- Sex o More common in women - Age o Can affect anyone o Most often diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 45 - Race o More common in African Americans, Hispanics and Asian Americans
28
Lupus S+S
- S&S may come on suddenly or develop slowly, may be mild or severe and may be temporary or permeant - Some people have mild disease episodes, called flares, where S&S get worse for a while the improve or even disappear completely for a time - Most common symptoms are o Fatigue o Fever o Jt px, stiffness and swelling o Butterfly shaped rash on the face that covers the cheeks and bridge of the nose or rashes elsewhere on the body o Skin lesions that appear or worsen with sun exposure o Fingers and toes that turn white or blue when exposed to cold or during stressful periods o Shortness of breath o Chest px o Dry eyes o Headaches o Confusion o Memory loss
29
Lupus prognosis
- The way lupus is treated depends on several factors including o The symptoms and complications experienced o Severity of the case o Age o Type of medications you may be taking o General health o Medical history - Chronic condition that will need to be managed regularly - The goal of treatment is to get symptoms into remission (not active) and limit the amount og damage the disease does to the organs - Lupus is unpredictable - Common lupus medications include o Steroids  Corticosteroids  Including prednisone o Hydroxychloroquine o Azathioprine o Methotrexate belimumab o Rituximab - No cure - Condition can be managed to minimise the impact lupus has on your life, but it will never go away
30
Systemic sclerosis
- A group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin - May also cause problems in the blood vessels, internal organs and digestive tract
31
Systemic sclerosis
- Results from an overproduction and accumulation of collagen in body tissues - Collagen is a fibrous type of protein that makes up the body’s connective tissues, including the skin - The exact cause for this process to begin is unknown - The body’s immune system is thought to play a role - Most likely that scleroderma is cause by a combo of factors including o Immune system problems o Genetics o Environmental factors
32
Systemic sclerosis population
Women 30-50
33
Systemic sclerosis S+S- skin related
o Hardening and tightening of the skin o First parts of the body that are affected are the  Fingers  Hands  Feet  Face o In some people the skin thickening can also involve the  Forearms  Upper arms  Chest  Abdomen  Lower legs  Thighs o Early symptoms include swelling and itching o Affected skin can become lighter or darker in colour and may look shiny because of the tightness o Some people also experience small red spots – telangiectasia – on their hands and face o Calcium deposits can form under the skin  Especially at the fingertips
34
Digestive sclerosis S+S
o Heart burn o Difficulty swallowing o Bloating o Diarrhoea o Constipation o Faecal incontinence
35
Heart S+S sclerosis
o Irregular heartbeat o Heart failure may also occur in some people
36
Lung problems sclerosis S+S
o Shortness of breath o Decreased exercise tolerance o Dizziness o Pulmonary hypertension
37
Sclerosis prognosis
- No cure - Can live a healthy life with this disease - Treatment is directed at controlling and managing the symptoms - Because scleroderma can have many symptoms, a combo of approaches is often needed to treat and manage the disease o Skin treatments o Digestive remedies o Treatment for lung disease - Management for scleroderma o Exercise o Jt protection o Skin protection o Diet o Dental care o Stress management
38
PMR
- Inflammatory disorder that causes muscle P and stiffness, especially in shoulders, neck and hips
39
PMR cause
- Unknown - Genetics- certain genes and gene variations can inc susceptibility - Enviro exposure- virus may act as trigger
40
PMR population
65+
41
PMR risk
- Age- 70-80 - Women 2-3x - Race- northern European or Scandinavian
42
PMR S+S
- Usually bilateral - Aches/P in shoulders, hip and neck - Stiffness particularly in morning/after period of inactivity - Mild fever - Fatigue - Unintended weight loss - Depression
43
PMR prognosis
- Most eventually recover entirely from the disease or within 5 years Corticosteroid- prednisolone

Systemic Conditions (8 decks)

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