Endocrine

Question 1

Is the humoral response fast or slow

Answer 1

Humoral - blood = endocrine response

Slow to act but the effects persist around the body

Question 2

What percentage of the pancreas is endocrine

Answer 2

1/2% islets of Langerhans

Question 3

What sort of lipid does steroid hormones have

Answer 3

Cholesterol

Question 4

Some examples of steroid hormones are the same hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. What are they?

Answer 4

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Sex hormones like testosterone oestrogen progesterone

Question 5

3 types of non steroid hormones

Answer 5

Amino acid derivatives
Peptides (long chain and short chain)
Glycoproteins

Question 6

What are glycoproteins

Answer 6

Proteins with attached carbs

Question 7

What are pro hormones

Answer 7

Many peptides hormones are produced in an inactive form called pre-pro hormone that becomes prohormones in the endoplasmic reticulum. Prohormones then becomes active hormone in the Golgi apparatus

Question 8

Where are hormones metabolized

Answer 8

Liver

Question 9

Where are hormones excreted

Answer 9

Kidneys

Question 10

Difference between up/down regulation and over/undersecretion

Answer 10

Secretion refers to the amount of hormones

Regulation refers to the number of receptors on the target cells if there are more receptors on the target cells then its up regulation, the target cell is more sensitive

Question 11

What is the name of the thing in between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

Answer 11

Infundibulum

Question 12

Functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 12

Thermoregulation
Thirst
Sexual behaviour
Emotions
Circadian
RH (regulating hormone secretion)

Question 13

How does hypothalamus communicate with the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

Answer 13

Anterior - blood vessels called the hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

Posterior - hormones along nerve axons

Question 14

What are somatotrophins

Answer 14

Growth hormones secreted by anterior pituitary glands

Question 15

What are produced by the neurons in the hypothalamus and passed along via the axons to the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 15

Oxytocin and ADH

Question 16

What produces ADH

Answer 16

Paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus

Question 17

What produces Oxytocin

Answer 17

Supraoptic nucleus in hypothalamus

Question 18

What controls secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla

Answer 18

Sympathetic control from the hypothalamus

Question 19

What controls the secretion of cortisol

Answer 19

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone aka ACTH

Question 20

What controls the release of ACTH

Answer 20

CRH = corticotrophin releasing hormone

Question 21

Does dopamine inhibit or stimulate prolactin

Answer 21

Inhibit

Question 22

All the hypothalamus hormones

Answer 22

CRH - CORTICOtrophin rh
GRH - GONADOtrophin rh
SRH - SOMATOtrophin rh (2 types = somatostatin which inhibits; growth hormone rh which promotes secretion of somatotrophins)
TRH - THYROtrophin rh
PRH - prolactin rh
Dopamine

Oxytocin and ADH

Question 23

Function of luteinising hormone

Answer 23

Ovulation in females

Sex hormones in both

Question 24

Function of follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 24

Ovum maturation and oestrogen production

Spermi production

Question 25

Stimulus and effect of oxytocin

Answer 25

Infant sucking -> lactation Stretch of uterus during childbirth -> contraction of uterus

Question 26

Why does sympathetic nerves inhibit insulin secretion

Answer 26

The sympathetic nervous system inhibits insulin secretion to keep blood glucose levels high when we are in fight or flight mode so that our organs have enough metabolites for fuel.

Question 27

Is cortisol a glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid

Answer 27

Glucocorticoid; aldosterone is the mineralocorticoid

Question 28

Another name for sex hormones

Answer 28

Androgens

Question 29

What is the normal blood calcium range

Answer 29

8.5-11mg/dL

Question 30

Medical term for swollen thyroid

Answer 30

Goitre

Question 31

What causes swollen thyroid ie goitre

Answer 31

Iodine deficiency

Question 32

What is the normal blood glucose range

Answer 32

70-110 mg/dL

Question 33

Somatostatin inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion idk why

Question 34

TSH and TRH

Answer 34

THYROtrophin releasing hormone stimulates thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 35

Where is renin, angiotensinogen and ACE produced

Answer 35

Renin in the kidneys Angiotensinogen in the liver Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs

Question 36

Is t4 or t3 a precursor

Answer 36

T4 is a precursor to t3

Question 37

What hormones have permissive effects on adrenaline

Answer 37

Cortisol Thyroid hormones

Question 38

What inhibits insulin

Answer 38

Adrenaline, sympathetic, somatostatin Think about it, rest and digest = insulin = parasympathetic

Question 39

What promotes glucagon

Answer 39

Low blood glucose CCK Autonomic nerve activity