Endocrine Flashcards
Which of the following statements is true for endocrinopathic laminitis?
A. All horses with endocrinopathic laminitis are obese
B. Insulin resistant SGLT-2 receptors are associated with the disease
C. Insulin and IGF-1R do play a role and leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation
D. Insulin dependent SGLT-4 receptors are associated with the disease
C. Insulin and IGF-1R do play a role and leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation
Which of the following statements is true:
A. Most horses with insulin dysregulation also have PPID
B. Up to 34% of horses will be affected with endocrinopathic laminitis within their lifetime
C. The most common form of laminitis is associated with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
D. Insulin dysregulation is always associated with endocrinopathic laminitis
B. Up to 34% of horses will be affected with endocrinopathic laminitis within their lifetime
The main volatile fatty acids produce in the rumen are:
A. Acetate, butyrate and acetone.
B. Acetate, butyrate and propionate
C. Acetone, Beta hydroxybutyric acid and propionate
D. Acetate, beta hydroxybutyrate acid, propionate
B. Acetate, butyrate and propionate
Which of the following is considered the main glucogenic precursor in
ruminants?
a. Propionate
b. Acetate
c. Pyruvate
d. Lactate
A. proprionate
Insulin supports inward movement of glucose by stimulating _________, which phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in horses.
a. Hexokinase
b. SGLT1
c. GLUT 4
d. Glucokinase
Glucokinase
Clinical signs of anhidrosis are variable. Which clinical sign is considered most likely to be associated with anhidrosis?
A. Tachypnea
B. Sweating under the saddle, but nowhere else
C. Tachycardia
D. Increased rectal temperature
E. Lethargy
A. Tachypnea
Which of the following is the only confirmed mechanism of anhidrosis in horses?
A. Poor peripheral perfusion to sweat glands
B. Decreased production of epinephrine by the adrenal glands
C. Desensitization or down-regulation of receptors
D. Hypothyroidism
C. Desensitization or down-regulation of receptors
A 6 hr old quarter horse foal presents (to Auburn) for failure to nurse. The foal is weak and has tendon laxity in all 4 limbs. The foal also has a swelling in the neck. This is the first foal for the owner, who is very interested in natural medicine and uses a LOT of supplements. On further questioning, the mare was being fed a high iodine seaweed kelp supplement recommended by his farrier’s sister’s uncle. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Hypothyroidism has only been documented in obese horses with metabolic syndrome, not in foals
B. There is no way this is hypothyroidism because the mare was oversupplemented with iodine, not undersupplemented
C. The mare is unlikely to show any clinical signs related to thyroid disease or iodine supplementation
D. The foal is showing clinical signs of hypothyroidism which is a genetic defect and nothing to do with supplementation in the mare
C. The mare is unlikely to show any clinical signs related to thyroid disease or iodine supplementation
You are managing a 7 year-old quarter horse gelding post-operatively after correction of a large colon volvulus. The horse has clinical signs of SIRS (fever, leukopenia with a degenerative left shift, toxic line). On physical examination you identify tachycardia (HR 90 BPM) and an irregular rhythm. An ECG is consistent with ventricular tachycardia. You are suspicious that a deficiency in which of the following electrolytes may be contributing to his arrhythmia.
A. Magnesium
B. Calcium
C. Phosphorous
D. Potassium
A. Magnesium
All of the following are complications of urethrostomy EXCEPT:
A. Persistent moderate to severe hemorrhage
B. Cystitis
C. Ureteral stricture
D. Recurrent obstructive urolithiasis
E. Urine Scalding
B. Cystitis
Which of the following is true about hyperglycemia in horses?
A. Stress induced hyperglycemia is due to inhibition of the insulin signaling cascade by catecholeamines, cortisol, and growth hormone
B. There is no evidence that glucose control is important in the treatment of septicemia
C. Inflammatory cytokines have no effect on glucose regulation in horses
D. Hyperglycemia has no detrimental effects other than causing laminitis
A. Stress induced hyperglycemia is due to inhibition of the insulin signaling cascade by catecholeamines, cortisol, and growth hormone
Which of the following is true about leptin in horses?
A. Leptin is positively correlated with fat mass in horses
B. The primary source of leptin in the body is the liver
C. Leptin receptor deficiency is considered the primary cause of obesity and EMS in horses
D. Increased leptin concentrations stimulate appetite by stimulation of anabolic and orexigenic neurons in the brain
A. Leptin is positively correlated with fat mass in horses
Which of the following is true about hormone secretion from fat?
A. Lean animals secrete more adiponectin
B. Leptin does not change with obesity
C. Obese animals secrete no adiponectin
D. Fat does not secrete any hormones
A. Lean animals secrete more adiponectin
What is the mechanism of action of pergolide?
A. Dopamine agonist
B. Serotonin agonist
C. Serotonin antagonist
D. Dopamine antagonist
A. Dopamine agonist
Decreases POMC’s
Presence of critical-illness related corticosteroid insufficiency requiring treatment can be clinically identified when:
A. The patient shows seizures and/or other signs of forebrain disease.
B. The patient shows acute kidney failure and anuria.
C. The patient shows persistent hypotension despite vasopressor therapy.
D. The patient shows ventricular dysrhythmias not responding to anti-arrhythmic drugs.
C. The patient shows persistent hypotension despite vasopressor therapy.
