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Hubs191 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messengers produced in one location and transported via the blood stream where they cause a response in the target cells

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2
Q

Name examples of Water-soluble hormones(not exact)

A

peptides, catecholamines

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3
Q

Name examples of lipid soluble hormones

A

steroids, thyroid hormones

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4
Q

how are water hormones stored and how are they transported?

A

they are made and stored as required (released by exocytosis).
they travel dissolved in the blood.

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5
Q

how are lipid hormones stored and how are they transported?

A

steroid hormones are made from cholestrol as required.
EXCEPTION: Thyroid hormones are made in thyroid cells and stored.
they travel bound to carriers in the blood.

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6
Q

where are water soluble hormone receptors located

A

Located on cell membrane

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7
Q

where are lipid soluble hormone receptors located

A

located inside the cell

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8
Q

describe water soluble receptor process

A

Hormone binding allows activation of associated G protein which activates/inhibits second messenger pathway, causing a cellular response.

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9
Q

describe lipid soluble receptor process

A

lipid soluble hormone binding to intracellular receptors acts as a specific transcription factor, activating the target gene, which generates new mRNA, which synthesises a protein which causes cellular response.

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10
Q

how long do water soluble hormones take

A

milliseconds to minutes

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11
Q

how long do lipid soluble hormones take

A

hours to days

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12
Q

amount of hormone in blood depends on

A

rate of hormone secretion and rate of removal from blood

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13
Q

what kind of hormone is insulin

A

peptide (water soluble)

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14
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary gland?

A

With neurons

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15
Q

Where are posterior pituitary hormones made and where are they stored?

A

They are made in the hypothalamus and stored in the axon endings in the posterior pituitary.

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16
Q

How are posterior lobe hormones released

A

Neural communication with the hypothalamus stimulates the release of hormones

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17
Q

Examples of posterior pituitary hormones

A

Antidieuretic and oxytocin

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18
Q

where are anterior pituitary hormones produced

A

in the anterior pituitary gland

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19
Q

how is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary gland

A

blood vessels

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20
Q

When are growth hormones highest

A

puberty

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21
Q

Growth hormone pathway

A

GH-RH –> GH –> incr in metabolism, release of Somatosedin C incr growth –> inhibition of GH-RH

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22
Q

what hormones are made and secreted from the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin

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23
Q

where are thyroid hormones synthesised

A

thyroid follicular cells

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24
Q

what do clear cells produce

A

calcitonin

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25
Q

How are thyroid hormones produced

A
  1. Thyroglobulin (TGB) is produced in the follicles and contains Tyrosine
  2. Iodine enters follicular cells from the blood and reacts with Tyrosine
  3. Thyroid hormone can detach from iodised TGB as required, T3 is active, T4 is inactive
  4. T3 and T4 hormones travel in the blood bound to carriers (TBG Thyroid binding globulin)
26
Q

describe thyroid hormone pathway

A

stimulus: external or internal
Hypothalamus (T-RH) –> Anterior Pituitary (T-SH) –> Thyroid (T3 and T4) –> increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate growth, normal alertness and reflexes

27
Q

What are the effects of thyroid hormone

A
  • increased body heat production
  • stimulates fatty acid oxidation (usage)
  • increases proteolysis
  • stimulates carbohydrate metabolism
28
Q

Describe the pathway of Blood calcium homeostasis

A

decr in blood calcium –> parathyroid glands: PTH –>
effects:
Kidney
1. incr calcium reabsorption into blood which decreases calcium excreted in urine.
2. vitamin D and calcitriol increase calcium reabsorption from food in intestines
Bone:
1. Increase bone breakdown, which increases release of Ca into the blood

This then increases blood calcium levels which inhibits decrease in blood calcium.

29
Q

where is adrenaline secreted from

A

adrenal medulla

30
Q

where is cortisol secreted from

A

adrenal cortex

31
Q

where is the adrenal glands found

A

superior to the kidney

32
Q

what kind of hormone is adrenaline

A

water soluble catecholamines

33
Q

adrenaline pathway

A

stress –> hypothalamus –> sympathetic preganglionic fibres –> adrenal medulla: adrenaline –> metabolic effects
Skeletal muscle/liver:
incr glycogenolysis
Fat:
incr fat breakdown

34
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located

A

on the posterior of the thyroid glands

35
Q

what kind of hormone is cortisol

A

lipid soluble steroid

36
Q

when are cortisol levels highest

A

during waking

37
Q

cortisol pathway

A

non-stress neural inputs e.g day-night rhythms –> hypothalamus: CRH –> anterior pituitary: ACTH –> adrenal cortex: cortisol –> metabolic effects

Muscle:
incr protein breakdown
decr glucose uptake

Fat:
incr fat breakdown
decr glucose uptake

Liver:
incr glucose synthesis

38
Q

ADH pathway

A

stress –> hypothalamus neural stimulation –> posterior pituitary: ADH –> metabolic effects
Decr urination
Incr blood volume and blood pressure

39
Q

What is Addison’s Disease caused by

A

Autoimmunity: Hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone

40
Q

Effects of Addisons Disease

A
  • Low blood pressure
  • Weakness due to lack of fuel
    Decr in cortisol leads to incr of ATCH, this excess ACTH stimulates melanin synthesis which causes darker skin.
41
Q

Causes of Cushing’s Disease

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol caused by Tumors

42
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s disease

A
  • Buffalo Hump
  • Moonface
  • High blood pressure
  • Weakness (muscle wasting)
43
Q

Cause of Gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

44
Q

Symptoms of gigantism

A

Much taller and some extra bony formations in the face.

45
Q

Cause of primordial dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of GH.

46
Q

Cause of Infantile Hypothyroidism

A

Not enough iodine in mother’s diet. Hyposecretion of Thyroid hormone

47
Q

Symptoms of Infantile Hypothyroidism

A
  • cold intolerance
  • low metabolic rate
  • growth is retarded
  • brain development is inhibited
48
Q

Cause of Iodine Deficiency Disorder (Simple Goitre)

A

Not enough iodine in diet. Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone.

49
Q

Effects of Iodine Deficiency disorder (simple goitre)

A

Decr in TH, means TRH and TSH secretion increases. Excess TSH stimulates growth of thyroid gland (goitre).
Loss of negative feedback control

50
Q

Causes of Grave’s Disease

A

Autoimmune: hyper secretion of thyroid hormone

51
Q

Symptoms of Grave’s disease

A
  • high metabolic rate
  • weight loss
52
Q

Causes of Hyperparathyroidism

A

Tumors: hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

53
Q

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A
  • excess PTH secretion
  • bones become soft, deformed and fragile
  • raises blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions
  • promotes formation of kidney stones composed of calcium phosphate
54
Q

Hypercalcaemia cause

A

Tumors: blood calcium levels are too high

55
Q

Effects of Hypercalcaemia

A
  • Nerve and muscle cells less responsive and excitable
  • can lead to enotional disturbances
  • muscle weakness
  • sluggish reflexes
  • cardiac arrest
56
Q

Hypocalcemia causes

A

Vitamin D deficiency
Diarrhoea
Thyroid tumors
Underactive paraythyroid glands
Pregancy

57
Q

Effects of Hypocalcemia

A

Increased excitability of the nervous system
Leads to muscle tremors, spasms or cramps
Suffication

58
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Type 1 and Type 2

59
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Hyposecretion of insulin (too little or no insulin secreted)
Causes by destruction of pancretic beta cells by immune system

Symptoms:
- Glucosuria, polyuria

Treated with insulin injections

60
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Hyposensitivity: too little or no response to insulin
Cause: desensitisation of insulin receptor. obesity

Symptoms:
- glucosuria, polyuria

Treatment:
changes in diet and excersise.
various medications

Hubs191 (4 decks)

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