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A&P 2 Lecture 1 Exam > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

define endocrinology

A

study of hormones and endocrine organs

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2
Q

define endocrine

A

glands that secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood

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3
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

a chemical that travels from one neuron to another

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4
Q

what is a hormone

A

bodies chemical messengers

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5
Q

what is a paracrine signal

A

allows cells to communicate with each other by releasing signaling molecules that bind to and activate surrounding cells

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6
Q

what is the difference between hormone, paracrine signal

A

hormones are signaling molecules act locally to affect behavior of nearby cells. paracrine signals are a molecule released by one cell that acts on neighboring target cells.

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7
Q

define receptor

A

an organ able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimulus and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve

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8
Q

define target organ

A

organs that respond to a particular hormone

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9
Q

define target cell

A

cells within an organ that respond to a particular hormone

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10
Q

what does neural signaling do

A

releases signals directly onto target cells

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11
Q

what does endocrine signaling do

A

releases signals into the blood

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12
Q

can the same signal be a neurotransmitter or hormone?

A

yes, depending on whether it is released into the blood or at a synapses

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13
Q

what is a synapse

A

gap between neurons

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14
Q

identify the major endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus , pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, and gonads

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15
Q

what hormones are produces by each endocrine gland

A

hypothalmus: GHRH, TRH, GnRH, CRH
pituitary: vasopressin, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH, oxytocin, TSH
thyroid: thyroid hormone
thymus: humoral factors
adrenal gland: corticosteroids
pancreas: glucagon, insulin
gonads: testerone and estrogen

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16
Q

know this:

A

a number of organs that are not endocrine glands produce hormones

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17
Q

what are the three main chemical classes of hormones

A

steroid hormones, monoamines, peptides

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18
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

lipids derived from cholesterol

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19
Q

what are the three main groups of steroid hormones

A

prostagens, androgens, oestrogens

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20
Q

what are monoamines

A

regulatory molecules derived from amino acids, include hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules

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21
Q

what are peptide hormones

A

short chains of amino acids include hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones, most anterior pituitary hormones, both posterior pituitary hormones, insulin and glucagon

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22
Q

significance of hydrophobic in hormone actions

A

able to diffuse through the membrane and interact with an intercellular receptor

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23
Q

hormones alter cell function by acting on cell surface proteins or through intracelluar mechanisms

A

true

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24
Q

what does hydrophobicity determine of a hormone

A

determines which of these a particular hormone does

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25
what do many hydrophilic hormones act through
second messenger systems
26
what are second messenger systems
small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell surface receptors effector proteins
27
what are the main second messenger systems
cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3
28
what is the basic function of the adenylate cyclase and IP3 second messenger systems
IP3: stimulates the release of calcium adenylate cyclase: catalyzes the conversion of ATP and cAMP
29
what is an adenylate cyclase system
membrane bound enzyme catalyzes the conversion ATP and cAMP
30
define protein kinase
an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
31
what role does protein kinase have in hormone actions and second messenger systems
how does protein kinase alter the activity of enzymatic pathways
32
how does protein kinase alter the activity of enzymatic pathways
they change their confirmation
33
what does phosphorylation mean
the process of adding a phosphate to something
34
the effects of activating second messenger systems are
cell dependent, and different cell types can use different hormones to activate the same system with cell specific effects
35
what do hydrophobic hormones do in a cell
they enter the cell and alter gene expression
36
how can cell sensitive be adjusted
upregulation and downregulation of receptors
37
define trophins
a hormone released in the body by a certain gland and which produces a response in other glands, stimulating the release of other hormones
38
define trophinc hormones
hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary
39
define stimulating hormones
a hormone made in the pituitary gland
40
define releasing hormones
a hormone that prompts the release of another hormone
41
define inhibiting hormones
hormones whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones
42
what do hypophysiotrophic hormones act on
act on the anterior pituitary to release hormones
43
what do gonadotrophins act on
the gonads to release hormones
44
what do ACTH act on
the adrenal cortex to release hormones
45
what acts more quickly, a hormone with actions vs a second messenger system or one that causes changes in gene expression
??
46
define upregulation
the increase at the cellular level of the rate of a physiological response
47
define downregulation
the reduction at the cellular level of the rate of a physiological response
48
how do up and down regulation influence the sensitivity of the cell to the hormone
in upregulation, the number of receptors increases in response to rising hormone levels, making the cell more sensitive to the hormone allowing for more cellular activity. when the number of receptors decrease in response to rising hormone levels, that is called down regulation
49
to study the endocrine system, it is useful to think about each gland like this :
1. what hormones does it secrete 2. what do those hormones do 3. what causes their release
50
hypothalamus question guide
1. what hormones does it secrete: TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH 2. what do those hormones do: stimulate the release of pituitary hormones 3. what cause their release: act on the pituitary gland
51
the thymus secretes what hormones
thymosins and thymopoietin, which regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes undergo shrinkage after puberty
52
what are the thyroid hormones
T3, T4; increase the metabolic rate and heat production, and respiratory rate
53
what do interstitial cells produce
testosterone
54
what do granulosa cells produce
estrogen
55
ovarian follicles produce:
estrogen known as estradiol
56
androgen
male sex hormone
57
estrogen
female sex hormones
58
what are gonads
ovaries in female, testes in males
59
define insulin shock
hypoglycemia resulting in an overflow of insulin in the blood blood glucose <40
60
what is ketonuria
ketones in the urine
61
what is glycosuria
sugar in the urine
62
what is hyperglycemia
excessive sugar in the blood
63
what is polyphagia
excessive hunger
64
what is polydipsia
excessive thirst
65
what is polyuria
excessive ruination
66
know the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketonuria
67
basic cause of type 2 diabetes i
insulin resistance
68
basic cause of type 1 diabetes
loss of beta cells, possibly from autoimmune destruction begins at young age
69
what is glucose homeostasis
maintaining glucose levels in the body at near constant level
70
pancreas beta cells produce
insulin, which lowers blood glucose by allowing cells to take it into the cell
71
pancreas alpha cells produce
glucagon to raise blood glucose
72
pancreas
endocrine function: makes insulin to control blood sugar exocrine function: secretion of digestive enzymes islets: control blood glucose levels
73
describe the general adaptation syndrome:
describes the physiological changes your body goes through as a response to stress (GAS) three phases: alarm reaction, resistance phase, and period of exhaustion.
74
describe the stress response
alarm reaction stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage
75
what is a corticosteroid
a group of hormones, including cortisol, released by adrenal glands under stress
76
what is calcitonin
a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium
77
what are the symptoms of adult onset hypothyroidism
78
know the endocrine glands and the hormones released by all

A&P 2 Lecture 1 Exam (3 decks)

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