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Endocrine Flashcards

exam 3 (87 cards)

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1
Q

which system is faster the endocrine or nervous?

A

Nervous system is faster due to use of action potentials and neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands include

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal

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3
Q

ograns/tissues with endocrine cells

A

hypothalamus
thymus
pancrease
ovaries/testes
kidneys,liver,stomach, SI, Heart, skin, Adipose tissue

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4
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

secrete products into ducts or lumens or to the outer surface of the body

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5
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

secrete products into interstitial fluid(which diffuses into blood) or blood

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6
Q

hormones are

A

chemical messangers released in one part of the body and regulate activity in other parts of the body

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7
Q

Local hormones

A

act on neighboring cells (paracrine) or the same cell that secreated them (autocrine)

Dose not enter the blood stream first

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8
Q

circulating hormones

A

enter the interstital fluid and then bloodstream

can be lipid soluble(bound to transport proteins)
or water soluble(freely disolved in body fluids)

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9
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

are bound to transport proteins for transport in body fluids

can be steroid or thyroid

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10
Q

water soluble hormones

A

are freely dissolved in body fluids

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11
Q

steroid hormones are

A

a form of lipid soluble hormone derived from cholesterol

examples: cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, aldosterone

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12
Q

thyroid hormones are

A

a type of lipid-soluble hormones that is very ipid soluble and is a tyrosine ring with attached iodines

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13
Q

peptide and protein hormones are

A

a type of water soluble hormone made of chains of amino acids
hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

examples: insulin, glucagon,EPO, ADH, oxytocin, hGH, TSH, ACTCH

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14
Q

Biogenic amines are

A

A type of water soluble hormones with modified amino acids

examples: NE, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, histamine

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15
Q

main function of hormones

A

to maintain homeostasis and regulate many aspects of organ system functions

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16
Q

hormones leave secretory cell by

A

exocytosis or diffusion

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17
Q

what type of capillaries are found in endocrine glands

A

fenstrated capillaries wich are especially permeable type allowing for easy uptake of mater rom gland tissue

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18
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)
Source: anterior pituitary

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19
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasppressin)
Source: posterior Pituitary

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20
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Source hypothalamus

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21
Q

DHEA

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone
Source: Adrenal cortex

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22
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoientin
Source: kidneys, liver

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23
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulatin hormone
Source: Anterior pituitary

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24
Q

GH

A

growth hormone (somatotropin)
Source: anterior pituitary

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25
GHRH
Growth Hormone-releasing hormone Source: hypothalamus
26
GnRH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Source Hypothalamus
27
IGFs
insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) Source: liver, other tissues
28
LH
Luteinizing hormone Source: Anterior pituitary
29
NE
norepinephrine Source: Adrenal medulla
30
OT
oxytocin Source: psoterior pituitary
31
PIH
prolactin Source: Anterior pituitary
32
PTH
Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) Source: Parathyroids
33
T3
Triiodothronine Source:Thyroid
34
T4
Thyroxine (tetraiodthyronine) Source: thyroid
35
TH
thyroid hormone ( T3 and T4 collectivly Source: thyroid
36
TRH
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone source: hypothalamus
37
releasing hormones
stimulate the pituitary to release hormones
38
inhibiting hormones
supreses the pituitarys secreation og hormones
39
Gap junctions
enable the pass of nutrients, electrolytes and signaling molecules directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to another
40
paracrines
secreated by one cell and difuse to another in the same tissue and stimulate their physiology
41
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
promotes secreation of thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) and prolactin(PRL)
42
corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)
promotes secreation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
43
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH)
promotes secreation of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and lutenizing hormone(LH)
44
Growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH)
promotes secreation of growth hormone(GH)
45
prolactin- inhibiting hormone(PIH)
inhibits secreation of prolactin (PRL)
46
somatostatin
inhibits secreation of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulatin hormone (TSH)
47
involution
shrinkage of tissue or organ by autolysis such as involution of the thymus after childhood and of the uterus after pregnancy
48
the Zona glomerulosa is the source of
mineralocorticoids
49
the zona fasiculata secretes
glucocorticoids and androgens
50
the zona reticularis secretes
glucocorticoids and androgens
51
the renin-angiotensin aldosterone syestem (RAA)
the mechanism in which falling blood pressure leads to an uncrease in aldosterone secretion
52
alpha cells secrete
glucagon which causes glycogenolysisa9the break down of glycogen into glucose) and gluconeogenesis (the synthases of glucose from fats) RASIES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
53
Beta cells secrete
insulin and amylin promotes synthasis of glycogen
54
how does insulin affect blood glucose levels
I lowers blood glucose levels
55
oligopeptides have how many amino acids
3-10
56
polypeptides have how many amino acids
more then 10
57
epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by what nervous system
the sympathetic nervous system
58
where are peptide hormones stored and what are a few examples
Examples:dopamine, epinephrine, oxytocin stored in secretory vesicles of endocrine cell
59
are steroids and thyroid hormone hydrophobic or hydrophillic
hydrophobic
60
bound hormone is
a hormone attached to a transport protein
61
saturation is the condition iin which
all the receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules
62
signal amplification or the cascade effect is when
one hormone molecule triggers the sythesis of not many enzyme molecules
63
down regulation is the process in which
a cell reduces its receptor population and thus becomes less sensitive to a hormone
64
synergistic effect
an effect in which two hormones work together to cause a greater effect
65
permissive effectsis when
one hormones enhances the traget organs response to a second hormone
66
antagonistic effect
when one hormone oposes the action of another hormone
67
Metabolic clearance rate (MCR)
the rate of hormone removal
68
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is
the way that the body reacts to stress
69
the alarm reaction causes an increase in
angiotensis and aldosterone
70
stages of stress response
alarm reaction stage of resistance stage of exhaustion
71
the thymus is the site of
maturation of T cells and secretes several hormones
72
the throid is composed of mostly
thyroid follicles
73
mineralocorticoids regulate
the bodys electrolyte balance
74
glucocorrticoids regulate
metabolism of glucose
75
renal reflexes involves the
kidney
76
growth hormone stimulates the release of what into blood
fatty acids and glycerol
77
growth hormone stimulates the synthesis of what by the liver
glucose
78
what is the most abundant hormone secreted by the thyroid
thyroxine T4
78
which class of hormones binds to an intracellular receptor and directs new mRNA and protein synthesis
steroid hormones
79
parathyroid hormone plays an important role in
rasing blood calcium levels
80
following hypoglycemia which hormones will be elevated
glucagon
81
Neural stimuli
nerve fibers soome endocrine glands and elicit the release of their hormones
82
Hormonal stimuli
hormones from the hypothalamus regulate secretionn by the anterior pituitary gland and pituitary hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release thyroid hormone, sex hormone, and cortisol
83
Humoral Stimuli
blood borne stimmuli
84
how is cAMP produced
glucagon binds to the surface of a liver cell, its receptor activates a G protein, which activates the membrane enzyme that produces cAMP (andenylate cyclase)
85
Somatostatin inhibits
cAMP synthesis
86

A&P2 (7 decks)

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