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Anatomy > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

glands

A

tissue derived from epithelium
specialized cells that synthesize, store, + secrete chemical substances
exocrine + endocrine

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2
Q

exocrine glands

A

release secretions into ducts → carried to body surface
ex. sweat, mammary, salivary

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

release secretions into sinusoids → passed into capillaries = carried by circulatory system to target tissues + rest of body
ex. thyroid, pituitary, adrenal

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4
Q

endocrine system

A

collection of glands + tissues of body that secrete chemical messengers into blood and ISF
integrates activities of organs + systems throughout body
NS + ES function together to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

neuroendocrinology

A

association between endocrine + NS
brain regulates secretion from endocrine glands + hormones modify CNS function

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6
Q

similarities between nerve cells + gland cells

A

secrete chemical messengers that act on target cells
electrical activity
secrete hormones that enter vasc system
release similar substances (DA, NE, somatostatin) = act as NT, neural hormone, classic hormone

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7
Q

hormone signal messengers

A

NT = signals between neurons
neural hormone = released from neuron into blood
classic hormone = released from gland into blood

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8
Q

NS

A

neurons produce responses that are highly specific + act over short term
signals = electrical impulses conducted along axons
chemical messengers conduct impulse between neurons

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9
Q

ES

A

hormones produce responses that affect many tissues simultaneously + act over long term
signals = chemical substances released by endocrine glands → circulate in bloodstream

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10
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger
produced + secreted by endocrine cell or tissue
travels through circulatory system to other tissues
acts upon specific target cells within tissue

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11
Q

hormone actions

A

bind to specific cellular receptors
presence or absence of receptor determines cell’s response to hormone
changing number of receptors = change cell’s sensitivity to hormone

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12
Q

pituitary gland

A

hypophysis
extends from hypothalamus as infundibulum = pituitary stalk
within bony cavity inferior to optic chiasm
anterior + posterior lobes

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13
Q

development of pituitary gland

A

derived from epithelium in oral cavity
neurohypophyseal bud grows into infundibulum below hypot. to form posterior lobe
hypophyseal pouch extends from oral cavity into mesenchyme → becomes pars intermedia before forming anterior lobe

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14
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis
true glandular mass with endocrine cells
hormones = hGH, TSH, FSH/LH, Prl, ACTH, MSH

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15
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis
axons of neurons descend from hypothalamus
hormones = ADH, oxytocin

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16
Q

hGH

A

human growth hormone
stimulates body growth + metabolism

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17
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone
controls thyroid gland function

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18
Q

FSH + LH

A

follicle stimulating + luteinizing hormones
control secretion of sex hormones and production of gametes (oocytes + sperm)

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19
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production in mammary gland

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20
Q

ACTH

A

controls hormone secretion by adrenal cortex

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21
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone
stimulates melanin secretion by melanocytes

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22
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin
regulates concentration of urine = functions in regulation of blood pressure

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23
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine muscle contraction during childbirth
stimulates release of milk from mammary glands

24
Q

control of posterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus cells produce hormones → travel along stalk into posterior pituitary = released into vasculature

25
Q

control of anterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones to control pituitary activity
hormones secreted by pituitary control other endocrine organs

26
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

neurons in the hypothalamus: supraoptic nucleus (ADH) + paraventricular nucleus (oxytocin) = release hormones in post. pituitary inferior hypophyseal artery (capillary network)

other cells in hypot. release hormones into primary capillary plexus (formed by superior hypophyseal artery in pituitary stalk) = carried by portal veins to anterior pituitary (form secondary capillary plexus)

hypophyseal veins leave base on ant + post pituitary = carry hormones to vasculature

27
Q

feedback inhibition

A

releasing hormone ex. TRH
↓
stimulating hormone ex. TSH (neg feedback to hypot.)
↓
target organ or tissue ex. thyroid gland - thyroxine (neg feedback to hypot. and pituitary)

28
Q

thyroid gland

A

contains follicles, formed by follicular cells and containing colloid → storage of thyroglobulin
synthesizes T3 (has physiological activity on cells) + T4 (more produced, deiodinated into T3)

29
Q

production of thyroid hormones

A

follicle cells secrete hormone precursor called thyroglobulin into follicle cavity
iodine is added to thyroglobulin in the cavity
when stimulated by TSH, follicle cells convert thyroglobulin to thyroid hormones T3 + T4
follicle cells secrete T3 + T4 into connective tissue between follicles
hormones picked up by capillaries
thyroid hormones regulate metabolism

30
Q

parafollicular cells

A

C-cells contained in follicle
produce hormone calcitonin
function in calcium regulation

31
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4, in posterior of thyroid
oxiphil cells and principal cells → secrete parathyroid hormone
functions in calcium regulation

32
Q

thyroid hormones

A

stimulate oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, growth + development

33
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases Ca2+ in body fluids
increases Ca2+ deposition in bone

34
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

increases Ca2+ in body fluids
decreases Ca2+ deposition in bone

35
Q

adrenal glands

A

supplied by superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries (branch from abdominal aorta)
sit on supramedial pole of kidneys
cortex (3 cell layers) + medulla (single cell mass)

36
Q

aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid
increases renal absorption of Na+ and H20
decreases renal absorption of K+

37
Q

cortisol

A

glucocorticoid
stimulates protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
anti-inflammatory

38
Q

androgens

A

male-type hormones
in females, adrenal cortex is the only source
stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair
stimulates libido

39
Q

adrenal medulla

A

innervated by both pre and post ganglionic fibres
- preG fibres synapse on chromaffin cells = release epinephrine + norepinephrine into vasculature
- postG fibres supply blood vessels to control diameter

40
Q

epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

fight or flight response (sympathetic)
increase cardiac output
increase blood pressure
increase blood glucose
effect release of lipids from adipose tissue

41
Q

pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine gland
exocrine contains ducts that aggregate to main pancreatic duct; surrounds islets = endocrine

42
Q

pancreatic islet

A

surrounded by exocrine acinar cells
contain alpha, beta, and delta cells
capillaries travel within

43
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by alpha cells
stimulates glucose synthesis
elevates blood glucose
mobilizes lipid reserves

44
Q

insulin

A

secreted by beta cells
stimulates lipid and glycogen synthesis and storage
stimulates glucose uptake by cells
decreases blood glucose levels

45
Q

somatostatin

A

secreted by delta cells
inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin (modulator)

46
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

inability to produce or use insulin
= elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
excretion of glucose in urine

causes cardiovascular + vision problems

47
Q

type I diabetes

A

10%
autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-secreting cells of islets (Beta cells)
marked reduction of insulin levels
insulin-dependent diabetes (need exogenous source injected into body)
can occur at any age; more common between 5-20

48
Q

type II diabetes

A

90%
combination of insulin-resistance and insulin-secretory defects
target cells become less sensitive to insulin due to down-regulation of receptors
non-insulin dependent diabetes (insulin present but cannot be used effectively)
correlates with age and obesity
initial management by diet, exercise, weight loss

49
Q

gonads

A

ovaries + testes
endocrine glands

50
Q

pineal gland

A

in brain (superior to tectum in midbrain; inferior to corpus callosum)
unclear physiological role
secretes melatonin = regulation of biological clock (sleep cycle)

51
Q

thymus gland

A

true gland
produces + stores T cells = dunction in cell-mediated immunity
secretes thymic hormones that act on T cells to promote proliferation and maturation

52
Q

GI tract

A

> 20 different hormones
regulate activity of GI tract and digestive glands

53
Q

kidneys

A

erythropoeitin = ↑ RBC production
renin = ↑ blood pressure

54
Q

heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide released by atria
= ↓ blood pressure

55
Q

adipose tissue

A

leptins = appetite suppressant
↑ fat = ↑ storage in adipocytes → secretion of leptin = feedback to brain = ↓ appetite

Anatomy (14 decks)

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