Endocrine

Question 1

-Lies in the sella turcica
-Connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk

Answer 1

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Question 2

Two distinct portions of the pituitary gland

Answer 2

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Question 3

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 3

Growth Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Thyroid StimulatingHormone
Prolactin
Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

(GUYS, AYUT, TAYO, PARA , FUN, LAGI)

Question 4

Promotes growth of the entire body by affecting protein formation, cell replication and cell differentiation

Answer 4

Growth hormone

Question 5

Controls the secretion of some of the adrenocortical hormones, which
affects metabolism of glucose, proteins and fats

Answer 5

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)

Question 6

Controls the secretion rate of thyroxine and triiodothyronine which control the rates of most intracellular chemical reactions in the body

Answer 6

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)

Question 7

Promotes mammary gland development and milk production

Answer 7

Prolactin

Question 8

Control growth of ovaries and testes as well as their hormonal and reproductive activities

Answer 8

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 9

Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 9

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Oxytocin

Question 10

-Secrete posterior pituitary hormones
-Located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

Answer 10

Magnocellular neurons

Question 11

Secretion of from the posterior pituitary is controlled by _____________

Answer 11

Nerve signals that originate in the hypothalamus and terminate in the posterior
pituitary

Question 12

Functional link between hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 12

Median eminence

Question 13

Increases rate of protein synthesis in most cells of the body

Answer 13

Growth Hormone

Question 14

Increases mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue

Answer 14

Growth Hormone

Question 15

Decreased rate of glucose utilization throughout the bod

Answer 15

Growth Hormone

Question 16

• Promotes protein deposition in tissues
• Enhance amino acid transport through the cell membrane
• Enhance RNA translation to cause Protein synthesis by the ribosomes
• Increase nuclear transcription of DNA to form RNA
• Decrease catabolism of protein and amino acids

Answer 16

Growth Hormone

Question 17

Factors known to stimulate GH secretion

Answer 17

○ Starvation, severe protein deficiency
○ Hypoglycemia, low concentration of fatty acids in the blood
○ Exercise
○ Excitement
○ Trauma
○ Ghrelin, hormone secreted by the stomach before meals
○ Amino acids, including arginine

Question 18

Formed in the supraoptic nuclei

Answer 18

Vasopressin (ADH)

Question 19

Formed in the paraventricular nuclei

Answer 19

Oxytocin

Question 20

In absence of ADH

Answer 20

○ Collecting tubules and ducts become impermeable to water
○ Prevents significant reabsorption of water
○ Allows extreme loss of water into the urine

Question 21

93% of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

Answer 21

Thyroxine

Question 22

7% of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

Answer 22

Triiodothyronine

Question 23

Glycoprotein that is a major constituent of colloid

Answer 23

Thyroglobulin

Question 24

Required for Thyroxine Formation

Answer 24

Iodine

Question 25

○ Transport of iodides from the blood ○ Achieved with a sodium-iodide symporter ○ Co-transports one iodide ion with two sodium ions across the plasma membrane ○ Energy for transportation comes from sodium potassium ATPase pump

Answer 25

Iodide trapping

Question 26

Transports iodide out of the thyroid cells across the apical membrane into the follicle

Answer 26

Pendrin

Question 27

Two molecules of diiodotyrosine

Answer 27

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 28

Monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine

Answer 28

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 29

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

Answer 29

Combine mainly with: • Thyroxine-binding globulin • Much less with thyroxine-binding prealbumin • Albumin

Question 30

True or False: Actions of triiodothyronine occurs more rapidly than thyroxine

Answer 30

True

Question 31

This hormone activate nuclear transcription of many genes

Answer 31

Thyroid hormones

Question 32

Effects of thyroid hormone on Carbs metabolism

Answer 32

○ Enhanced glycolysis ○ Enhanced gluconeogenisis ○ Increased rate of absorption from the GIT ○ Increased insulin secretion

Question 33

Effects of Thyroid Hormones in Fat Metabolism

Answer 33

○ Lipids are metabolized from the fat tissue ○ Decrease fat stores of the body ○ Mobilization of lipids from fat tissue ○ Increases free fatty acid concentration in the plasma

Question 34

Increased thyroid hormone decreases the following

Answer 34

• Cholesterol • Phospholipids • Triglyceride

Question 35

• Related to the sympathetic nervous system • Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 35

Adrenal medulla

Question 36

• Secretes corticosteroids • Synthesized from the steroid cholesterol

Answer 36

Adrenal cortex

Question 37

• Affect electrolytes of the ECF, especially sodium and potassium • Principal mineralocorticoid is aldosterone

Answer 37

Mineralocorticoids

Question 38

• Increase blood glucose concentration • Effects on protein and fat metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism • Principal glucocorticoid is cortisol

Answer 38

Glucocorticoids

Question 39

○ Lies just underneath the capsule ○ 15% of the adrenal cortex

Answer 39

Zona glomerulosa

Question 40

○ 75% of the adrenal cortex ○ Secretes cortisol and corticosterone

Answer 40

Zona fasciculata

Question 41

Secretes adrenal androgens dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione

Answer 41

Zona reticularis

Question 42

Adrenocortical Hormones are Steroids Derived From

Answer 42

Cholesterol

Question 43

Mineralocorticoid Deficiency Causes

Answer 43

○ Increase potassium concentration in ECF ○ Sodium and chloride is lost from the body ○ Diminished cardiac output

Question 44

Increases Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Sodium and Secretion of Potassium

Answer 44

Aldosterone

Question 45

Aldosterone Deficiency Causes

Answer 45

Hyponatremia

Question 46

Excess Aldosterone Causes

Answer 46

Hypokalemia and Muscle Weakness

Question 47

Aldosterone Deficiency Causes

Answer 47

Hyperkalemia and Cardiac Toxicity

Question 48

EFFECTS OF CORTISOL ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Answer 48

• Stimulation of Gluconeogenisis by the liver • Decreased Glucose Utilization by Cells • Elevated Blood Glucose Concentration

Question 49

EFFECTS OF CORTISON ON PROTEIN METABOLISM

Answer 49

• Reduction in Cellular Protein • Cortisol Increases Liver and Plasma Proteins • Increased Blood Amino Acids, Diminished Transport of Amino Acids Into Extrahepatic Cells and Enhanced Transport Into Hepatic Cells

Question 50

EFFECTS OF CORTISOL ON FAT METABOLISM

Answer 50

• Excess Cortisol Causes Obesity • Mobilization of Fatty Acids